成员初始化列表真的更有效吗?

Are member-initialization lists really more efficient?

我同意这样的共识,即通常最好在成员初始化列表而不是构造函数的主体中初始化 C++ 数据成员,但我对 this explanation

持怀疑态度

The other (inefficient) way to build constructors is via assignment, such as: Fred::Fred() { x_ = whatever; }. In this case the expression whatever causes a separate, temporary object to be created, and this temporary object is passed into the x_ object’s assignment operator. Then that temporary object is destructed at the ;. That’s inefficient.

这真的正确吗?我本以为编译器会省略默认构造的临时对象,该对象会立即被主体中的赋值替换。我不知道为什么我会这么期待,但在阅读了上述声明后,我想我多年来一直在默默地假设它。

成员初始化列表实际上更有效吗?如果有,是不是这个原因?

Alexandrescu & Sutter(第9项)的话不要过早悲观

Avoiding premature optimization does not imply gratuitously hurting efficiency. By premature pessimization we mean writing such gratuitous potential inefficiencies as:

• Defining pass-by-value parameters when pass-by-reference is appropriate. (See Item25.)

• Using postfix + + when the prefix version is just as good. (See Item 28.)

• Using assignment inside constructors instead of the initializer list. (See Item 48.)

每当您在构造函数中编写赋值时,您的代码审阅者都会保持警惕:发生了什么特别的事情吗?他真的想要一些特殊的 two-stage 初始化吗(因为无论如何都会生成成员的隐式默认构造!)。不要无缘无故地让代码的读者感到惊讶。

请注意,Alexandrescu 和 Sutter 在第 48 项中继续讨论 潜在的 效率低下,但不要在任何地方声称存在 实际的 实际优化代码效率低下。这也是题外话,它是关于表达意图 和避免效率低下的风险

Are member initialization lists actually more efficient? If so, is it for this reason?

一般是的。通过成员初始化,您可以将值直接传递给构造函数,否则将创建一个 default-constructed 对象,然后调用赋值运算符。请注意,这与您提供的报价中提到的 "temporary" 无关,这是关于字段本身的。

你可以看到直播here

class Verbose {
public:
    Verbose() { std::cout << "Verbose::Verbose()" << std::endl; }
    Verbose( int ) { std::cout << "Verbose::Verbose(int)" << std::endl; }
    Verbose &operator=( int )  { std::cout << "Verbose::operator=(int)" << std::endl; }
};

class A {
public:
    A() : v( 0 ) {}
    A(int)  { v = 0; }
private:
    Verbose v;    
};


int main() {
    std::cout << "case 1 --------------------" << std::endl;
    A a1;
    std::cout << "case 2 --------------------" << std::endl;
    A a2( 0 );
    // your code goes here
    return 0;
}

输出:

case 1 --------------------
Verbose::Verbose(int)
case 2 --------------------
Verbose::Verbose()
Verbose::operator=(int)

使用成员初始化列表,

#include <string>

struct Fred {
  Fred() : x_("hello") { }
  std::string x_;
};

int main() {
  Fred fred;
}

Clang 3.9.1 和 gcc 6.3 使用 -O3 -fno-exceptions (Compiler Explorer) 生成以下内容:

main:                                   # @main
        xor     eax, eax
        ret

如果我们改为在正文中进行赋值:

#include <string>

struct Fred {
  Fred() { x_ = "hello"; }
  std::string x_;
};

int main() {
  Fred fred;
}

两者都会生成更多的代码,例如Clang 3.9.1 输出这个:

main:                                   # @main
        push    rbx
        sub     rsp, 32
        lea     rbx, [rsp + 16]
        mov     qword ptr [rsp], rbx
        mov     qword ptr [rsp + 8], 0
        mov     byte ptr [rsp + 16], 0
        lea     rdi, [rsp]
        xor     esi, esi
        xor     edx, edx
        mov     ecx, .L.str
        mov     r8d, 5
        call    std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_replace(unsigned long, unsigned long, char const*, unsigned long)
        mov     rdi, qword ptr [rsp]
        cmp     rdi, rbx
        je      .LBB0_2
        call    operator delete(void*)
.LBB0_2:
        xor     eax, eax
        add     rsp, 32
        pop     rbx
        ret

.L.str:
        .asciz  "hello"

所以看起来成员 init 列表确实更有效,至少在某些情况下,即使使用现代编译器也是如此。