Python 绝对初学者：井字棋；为什么我的条件不起作用？
Python for the Absolute Beginner: Tic-Tac-Toe; Why Did my Condition Not Work?
按照上面列出的书中给出的说明，我试图改进我之前构建的 Tic-Tac-Toe 游戏，使其无法获胜。现在，我最终成功完成了这项任务，但我来到这里的原因是我未能理解为什么我最初的解决方案无效。
这是未经编辑的原始代码：
#Tic-Tac-Toe
#Plays a game of Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent
#Global constants
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = " "
TIE = "TIE"
NUM_SQUARES = 9
def display_instruct():
"""Diplsay game instructions."""
print(
"""
Welcome to the greatest inetellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your rudimentary human brain and my superior
silicon processor.
You will make your move by entering a number, 0-8. The number will correspond
to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin!\n
"""
)
def ask_yes_no(question):
"""Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y", "n"):
response = input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question, low, high):
"""Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low, high):
response = int(input(question))
return response
def pieces():
"""Determine if playor or computer goes first"""
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move? (y/n): ")
if go_first == "y":
print("\nThen take the first move. You will need it.")
human = X
computer = O
else:
print("\nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first.")
computer = X
human = O
return computer, human
def new_board():
"""Create new game baord."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):
"""Display game board on screen."""
print("\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n")
def legal_moves(board):
"""Creates a list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves
def winner(board):
"""Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board, human):
"""Get human move."""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move? (0 - 8):", 0, NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print("\nThat square is already occipied, foolish hooman. Choose another.\n")
print("Fine...")
return move
def computer_move(board, computer, human):
"Make computer move."""
#Make a copy to work with since function will be changing list
board = board[:]
#The best positions to have, in order
BEST_MOVES = (4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7)
print("I shall take square number", end=" ")
#If computer can win, take that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#If human can win, block that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#Since no one can win on next move, pick best option square
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print(move)
return move
def next_turn(turn):
"""Switch turns."""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human):
"""Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print(the_winner, "won!\n")
else:
print("It's a tie\n")
if the_winner == computer:
print("As I predicted hooman, I am triumphant! \n" \
"proof that silicon is superior to flesh in all regards.")
elif the_winner == human:
print("No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, ape. \n" \
"But never again, I, the computer, so swear it!")
elif the_winner == TIE:
print("You were most fortunate, hooman, and somehow managed to tie me. \n" \
"Celebrate today... for this is the best you will ever achieve.")
def main():
display_instruct()
computer, human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board, human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board, computer, human)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human)
#Start the program
main()
input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
这是我最初尝试做的事情：
#Tic-Tac-Toe
#Plays a game of Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent
#Global constants
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = " "
TIE = "TIE"
NUM_SQUARES = 9
human_moves_so_far = []
def display_instruct():
"""Diplsay game instructions."""
print(
"""
Welcome to the greatest inetellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your rudimentary human brain and my superior
silicon processor.
You will make your move by entering a number, 0-8. The number will correspond
to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin!\n
"""
)
def ask_yes_no(question):
"""Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y", "n"):
response = input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question, low, high):
"""Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low, high):
response = int(input(question))
return response
def pieces():
"""Determine if playor or computer goes first"""
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move? (y/n): ")
if go_first == "y":
print("\nThen take the first move. You will need it.")
human = X
computer = O
else:
print("\nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first.")
computer = X
human = O
return computer, human
def new_board():
"""Create new game baord."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):
"""Display game board on screen."""
print("\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n")
def legal_moves(board):
"""Creates a list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves
def winner(board):
"""Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board, human):
"""Get human move."""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move? (0 - 8):", 0, NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print("\nThat square is already occipied, foolish hooman. Choose another.\n")
print("Fine...")
human_moves_so_far.append(move)
return move
def computer_move(board, computer, human):
"Make computer move."""
#Make a copy to work with since function will be changing list
board = board[:]
#The best positions to have, in order
BEST_MOVES = (4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7)
print("I shall take square number", end=" ")
#If computer can win, take that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#If human can win, block that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
if human_moves_so_far == [0, 8] or [8, 0] or [6, 2] or [2, 6]:
move = 7
return move
#Since no one can win on next move, pick best option square
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print(move)
return move
def next_turn(turn):
"""Switch turns."""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human):
"""Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print(the_winner, "won!\n")
else:
print("It's a tie\n")
if the_winner == computer:
print("As I predicted hooman, I am triumphant! \n" \
"proof that silicon is superior to flesh in all regards.")
elif the_winner == human:
print("No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, ape. \n" \
"But never again, I, the computer, so swear it!")
elif the_winner == TIE:
print("You were most fortunate, hooman, and somehow managed to tie me. \n" \
"Celebrate today... for this is the best you will ever achieve.")
def main():
display_instruct()
computer, human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board, human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board, computer, human)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human)
#Start the program
main()
input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
具体来说，我创建了一个名为 "human_moves_so_far" 的列表（我认为）我可以用它来跟踪人类玩家的动作，如果他们输入计算机可以输入的四个特定动作序列之一不打败，计算机会暂时放弃正常的移动优先顺序并停止它们。
现在，经过进一步检查，我意识到这个解决方案可能不会导致无法获胜的游戏，但我来这里不是为了确定如何完成挑战，而是为了了解为什么计算机开始以这种方式运行确实如此。
看，在我尝试该解决方案之后，无论玩家做什么，计算机总是会在第一步走方格 7，我不知道它为什么开始这样做。就好像它完全忽略了 'if' 语句并简单地执行了代码。
现在我再看一遍，我想知道我是否错过了 'or' 声明；谁能告诉我这是否是问题所在，如果不是，那是什么问题？我认为了解我做错了什么对我的学习过程很重要，即使我最终找到了另一种方法。谢谢。
P.S：这是游戏的最终版本，据我所知，这是不可能的。以防万一有人好奇。
#Tic-Tac-Toe
#Plays a game of Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent
#Global constants
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = " "
TIE = "TIE"
NUM_SQUARES = 9
fatal_flaw = []
def display_instruct():
"""Diplsay game instructions."""
print(
"""
Welcome to the greatest inetellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your rudimentary human brain and my superior
silicon processor.
You will make your move by entering a number, 0-8. The number will correspond
to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin!\n
"""
)
def ask_yes_no(question):
"""Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y", "n"):
response = input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question, low, high):
"""Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low, high):
response = int(input(question))
return response
def pieces():
"""Determine if playor or computer goes first"""
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move? (y/n): ")
if go_first == "y":
print("\nThen take the first move. You will need it.")
human = X
computer = O
else:
print("\nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first.")
computer = X
human = O
return computer, human
def new_board():
"""Create new game baord."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):
"""Display game board on screen."""
print("\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n")
def legal_moves(board):
"""Creates a list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves
def winner(board):
"""Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in the board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board, human):
"""Get human move."""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move? (0 - 8):", 0, NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print("\nThat square is already occipied, foolish hooman. Choose another.\n")
print("Fine...")
if move == 2:
fatal_flaw.append("GAME")
if move == 6:
fatal_flaw.append("OVER")
if move == 0:
fatal_flaw.append("CHECK")
if move == 8:
fatal_flaw.append("MATE")
return move
def computer_move(board, computer, human):
"Make computer move."""
#Make a copy to work with since function will be changing list
board = board[:]
#The best positions to have, in order
if "GAME" in fatal_flaw and "OVER" in fatal_flaw or "CHECK" in fatal_flaw and "MATE" in fatal_flaw:
BEST_MOVES = (7, 4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5)
else:
BEST_MOVES = (4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7)
print("I shall take square number", end=" ")
#If computer can win, take that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#If human can win, block that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#Since no one can win on next move, pick best option square
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print(move)
return move
def next_turn(turn):
"""Switch turns."""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human):
"""Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print(the_winner, "won!\n")
else:
print("It's a tie\n")
if the_winner == computer:
print("As I predicted hooman, I am triumphant! \n" \
"proof that silicon is superior to flesh in all regards.")
elif the_winner == human:
print("No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, ape. \n" \
"But never again, I, the computer, so swear it!")
elif the_winner == TIE:
print("You were most fortunate, hooman, and somehow managed to tie me. \n" \
"Celebrate today... for this is the best you will ever achieve.")
def main():
display_instruct()
computer, human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board, human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board, computer, human)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human)
#Start the program
main()
input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
您的代码总是执行 if 语句内容的原因是 Python 处理您的 or 语句的方式。
if human_moves_so_far == [0, 8] or [8, 0] or [6, 2] or [2, 6]:
对每个数字组合重复 or 不会将其与您的第一个语句 if human_moves_so_far == 相关联。
即使 human_moves_so_far == [0, 8] 解析为 False，or [8, 0] 也总是解析为 True，因此 if 语句被激活。
换句话说，这一行应该是这样的：
if (human_moves_so_far == [0, 8]) or (human_moves_so_far == [8, 0]) or (human_moves_so_far == [6, 2]) or (human_moves_so_far == [2, 6]):
或者，您可以使用 in 语句编写代码，如果变量在给定列表中，则使 if 语句继续，如下所示：
if human_moves_so_far in [[0, 8],[8, 0],[6, 2],[2, 6]]:
按照上面列出的书中给出的说明，我试图改进我之前构建的 Tic-Tac-Toe 游戏，使其无法获胜。现在，我最终成功完成了这项任务，但我来到这里的原因是我未能理解为什么我最初的解决方案无效。
这是未经编辑的原始代码：
#Tic-Tac-Toe
#Plays a game of Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent
#Global constants
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = " "
TIE = "TIE"
NUM_SQUARES = 9
def display_instruct():
"""Diplsay game instructions."""
print(
"""
Welcome to the greatest inetellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your rudimentary human brain and my superior
silicon processor.
You will make your move by entering a number, 0-8. The number will correspond
to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin!\n
"""
)
def ask_yes_no(question):
"""Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y", "n"):
response = input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question, low, high):
"""Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low, high):
response = int(input(question))
return response
def pieces():
"""Determine if playor or computer goes first"""
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move? (y/n): ")
if go_first == "y":
print("\nThen take the first move. You will need it.")
human = X
computer = O
else:
print("\nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first.")
computer = X
human = O
return computer, human
def new_board():
"""Create new game baord."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):
"""Display game board on screen."""
print("\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n")
def legal_moves(board):
"""Creates a list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves
def winner(board):
"""Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board, human):
"""Get human move."""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move? (0 - 8):", 0, NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print("\nThat square is already occipied, foolish hooman. Choose another.\n")
print("Fine...")
return move
def computer_move(board, computer, human):
"Make computer move."""
#Make a copy to work with since function will be changing list
board = board[:]
#The best positions to have, in order
BEST_MOVES = (4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7)
print("I shall take square number", end=" ")
#If computer can win, take that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#If human can win, block that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#Since no one can win on next move, pick best option square
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print(move)
return move
def next_turn(turn):
"""Switch turns."""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human):
"""Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print(the_winner, "won!\n")
else:
print("It's a tie\n")
if the_winner == computer:
print("As I predicted hooman, I am triumphant! \n" \
"proof that silicon is superior to flesh in all regards.")
elif the_winner == human:
print("No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, ape. \n" \
"But never again, I, the computer, so swear it!")
elif the_winner == TIE:
print("You were most fortunate, hooman, and somehow managed to tie me. \n" \
"Celebrate today... for this is the best you will ever achieve.")
def main():
display_instruct()
computer, human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board, human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board, computer, human)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human)
#Start the program
main()
input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
这是我最初尝试做的事情：
#Tic-Tac-Toe
#Plays a game of Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent
#Global constants
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = " "
TIE = "TIE"
NUM_SQUARES = 9
human_moves_so_far = []
def display_instruct():
"""Diplsay game instructions."""
print(
"""
Welcome to the greatest inetellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your rudimentary human brain and my superior
silicon processor.
You will make your move by entering a number, 0-8. The number will correspond
to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin!\n
"""
)
def ask_yes_no(question):
"""Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y", "n"):
response = input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question, low, high):
"""Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low, high):
response = int(input(question))
return response
def pieces():
"""Determine if playor or computer goes first"""
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move? (y/n): ")
if go_first == "y":
print("\nThen take the first move. You will need it.")
human = X
computer = O
else:
print("\nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first.")
computer = X
human = O
return computer, human
def new_board():
"""Create new game baord."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):
"""Display game board on screen."""
print("\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n")
def legal_moves(board):
"""Creates a list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves
def winner(board):
"""Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board, human):
"""Get human move."""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move? (0 - 8):", 0, NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print("\nThat square is already occipied, foolish hooman. Choose another.\n")
print("Fine...")
human_moves_so_far.append(move)
return move
def computer_move(board, computer, human):
"Make computer move."""
#Make a copy to work with since function will be changing list
board = board[:]
#The best positions to have, in order
BEST_MOVES = (4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7)
print("I shall take square number", end=" ")
#If computer can win, take that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#If human can win, block that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
if human_moves_so_far == [0, 8] or [8, 0] or [6, 2] or [2, 6]:
move = 7
return move
#Since no one can win on next move, pick best option square
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print(move)
return move
def next_turn(turn):
"""Switch turns."""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human):
"""Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print(the_winner, "won!\n")
else:
print("It's a tie\n")
if the_winner == computer:
print("As I predicted hooman, I am triumphant! \n" \
"proof that silicon is superior to flesh in all regards.")
elif the_winner == human:
print("No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, ape. \n" \
"But never again, I, the computer, so swear it!")
elif the_winner == TIE:
print("You were most fortunate, hooman, and somehow managed to tie me. \n" \
"Celebrate today... for this is the best you will ever achieve.")
def main():
display_instruct()
computer, human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board, human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board, computer, human)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human)
#Start the program
main()
input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
具体来说，我创建了一个名为 "human_moves_so_far" 的列表（我认为）我可以用它来跟踪人类玩家的动作，如果他们输入计算机可以输入的四个特定动作序列之一不打败，计算机会暂时放弃正常的移动优先顺序并停止它们。
现在，经过进一步检查，我意识到这个解决方案可能不会导致无法获胜的游戏，但我来这里不是为了确定如何完成挑战，而是为了了解为什么计算机开始以这种方式运行确实如此。
看，在我尝试该解决方案之后，无论玩家做什么，计算机总是会在第一步走方格 7，我不知道它为什么开始这样做。就好像它完全忽略了 'if' 语句并简单地执行了代码。
现在我再看一遍，我想知道我是否错过了 'or' 声明；谁能告诉我这是否是问题所在，如果不是，那是什么问题？我认为了解我做错了什么对我的学习过程很重要，即使我最终找到了另一种方法。谢谢。
P.S：这是游戏的最终版本，据我所知，这是不可能的。以防万一有人好奇。
#Tic-Tac-Toe
#Plays a game of Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent
#Global constants
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = " "
TIE = "TIE"
NUM_SQUARES = 9
fatal_flaw = []
def display_instruct():
"""Diplsay game instructions."""
print(
"""
Welcome to the greatest inetellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your rudimentary human brain and my superior
silicon processor.
You will make your move by entering a number, 0-8. The number will correspond
to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin!\n
"""
)
def ask_yes_no(question):
"""Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y", "n"):
response = input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question, low, high):
"""Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low, high):
response = int(input(question))
return response
def pieces():
"""Determine if playor or computer goes first"""
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move? (y/n): ")
if go_first == "y":
print("\nThen take the first move. You will need it.")
human = X
computer = O
else:
print("\nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first.")
computer = X
human = O
return computer, human
def new_board():
"""Create new game baord."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):
"""Display game board on screen."""
print("\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5])
print("\t", "---------")
print("\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n")
def legal_moves(board):
"""Creates a list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves
def winner(board):
"""Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in the board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board, human):
"""Get human move."""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move? (0 - 8):", 0, NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print("\nThat square is already occipied, foolish hooman. Choose another.\n")
print("Fine...")
if move == 2:
fatal_flaw.append("GAME")
if move == 6:
fatal_flaw.append("OVER")
if move == 0:
fatal_flaw.append("CHECK")
if move == 8:
fatal_flaw.append("MATE")
return move
def computer_move(board, computer, human):
"Make computer move."""
#Make a copy to work with since function will be changing list
board = board[:]
#The best positions to have, in order
if "GAME" in fatal_flaw and "OVER" in fatal_flaw or "CHECK" in fatal_flaw and "MATE" in fatal_flaw:
BEST_MOVES = (7, 4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5)
else:
BEST_MOVES = (4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7)
print("I shall take square number", end=" ")
#If computer can win, take that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#If human can win, block that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print(move)
return move
#Done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
#Since no one can win on next move, pick best option square
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print(move)
return move
def next_turn(turn):
"""Switch turns."""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human):
"""Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print(the_winner, "won!\n")
else:
print("It's a tie\n")
if the_winner == computer:
print("As I predicted hooman, I am triumphant! \n" \
"proof that silicon is superior to flesh in all regards.")
elif the_winner == human:
print("No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, ape. \n" \
"But never again, I, the computer, so swear it!")
elif the_winner == TIE:
print("You were most fortunate, hooman, and somehow managed to tie me. \n" \
"Celebrate today... for this is the best you will ever achieve.")
def main():
display_instruct()
computer, human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board, human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board, computer, human)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human)
#Start the program
main()
input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
您的代码总是执行 if 语句内容的原因是 Python 处理您的 or 语句的方式。
if human_moves_so_far == [0, 8] or [8, 0] or [6, 2] or [2, 6]:
对每个数字组合重复 or 不会将其与您的第一个语句 if human_moves_so_far == 相关联。
即使 human_moves_so_far == [0, 8] 解析为 False，or [8, 0] 也总是解析为 True，因此 if 语句被激活。
换句话说，这一行应该是这样的：
if (human_moves_so_far == [0, 8]) or (human_moves_so_far == [8, 0]) or (human_moves_so_far == [6, 2]) or (human_moves_so_far == [2, 6]):
或者，您可以使用 in 语句编写代码，如果变量在给定列表中，则使 if 语句继续，如下所示：
if human_moves_so_far in [[0, 8],[8, 0],[6, 2],[2, 6]]: