TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' WSGI server

Question

我无法用 Python 3.5 解决这个问题。此代码适用于早于 3 的 Python。我正在实现 Django 应用程序所需的 WSGI Web 服务器。

文件名是：webserver2.py。但是他告诉我

TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

你能帮帮我吗？

import socket
#import StringIO
import io
import sys


class WSGIServer(object):
    address_family = socket.AF_INET
    socket_type = socket.SOCK_STREAM
    request_queue_size = 1

    def __init__(self, server_address):
        # Create a listening socket
        self.listen_socket = listen_socket = socket.socket(
            self.address_family,
            self.socket_type
        )
        # Allow to reuse the same address
        listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        # Bind
        listen_socket.bind(server_address)
        # Activate
        listen_socket.listen(self.request_queue_size)
        # Get server host name and port
        host, port = self.listen_socket.getsockname()[:2]
        self.server_name = socket.getfqdn(host)
        self.server_port = port
        # Return headers set by Web framework/Web application
        self.headers_set = []

    def set_app(self, application):
        self.application = application

    def serve_forever(self):
        listen_socket = self.listen_socket
        while True:
            # New client connection
            self.client_connection, client_address = listen_socket.accept()
            # Handle one request and close the client connection. Then
            # loop over to wait for another client connection
            self.handle_one_request()

    def handle_one_request(self):
        self.request_data = request_data = self.client_connection.recv(1024)
        # Print formatted request data a la 'curl -v'
        print(''.join(
            '< {line}\n'.format(line=line)
            for line in request_data.splitlines()
        ))

        self.parse_request(request_data)

        # Construct environment dictionary using request data
        env = self.get_environ()

        # It's time to call our application callable and get
        # back a result that will become HTTP response body
        result = self.application(env, self.start_response)

        # Construct a response and send it back to the client
        self.finish_response(result)

    def parse_request(self, text):
        request_line = text.splitlines()[0]
        request_line = request_line.rstrip('\r\n')
        # Break down the request line into components
        (self.request_method,  # GET
         self.path,            # /hello
         self.request_version  # HTTP/1.1
         ) = request_line.split()

    def get_environ(self):
        env = {}
        # The following code snippet does not follow PEP8 conventions
        # but it's formatted the way it is for demonstration purposes
        # to emphasize the required variables and their values
        #
        # Required WSGI variables
        env['wsgi.version']      = (1, 0)
        env['wsgi.url_scheme']   = 'http'
        env['wsgi.input']        = io.StringIO(self.request_data)
        env['wsgi.errors']       = sys.stderr
        env['wsgi.multithread']  = False
        env['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
        env['wsgi.run_once']     = False
        # Required CGI variables
        env['REQUEST_METHOD']    = self.request_method    # GET
        env['PATH_INFO']         = self.path              # /hello
        env['SERVER_NAME']       = self.server_name       # localhost
        env['SERVER_PORT']       = str(self.server_port)  # 8888
        return env

    def start_response(self, status, response_headers, exc_info=None):
        # Add necessary server headers
        server_headers = [
            ('Date', 'Tue, 31 Mar 2015 12:54:48 GMT'),
            ('Server', 'WSGIServer 0.2'),
        ]
        self.headers_set = [status, response_headers + server_headers]
        # To adhere to WSGI specification the start_response must return
        # a 'write' callable. We simplicity's sake we'll ignore that detail
        # for now.
        # return self.finish_response

    def finish_response(self, result):
        try:
            status, response_headers = self.headers_set
            response = 'HTTP/1.1 {status}\r\n'.format(status=status)
            for header in response_headers:
                response += '{0}: {1}\r\n'.format(*header)
            response += '\r\n'
            for data in result:
                response += data
            # Print formatted response data a la 'curl -v'
            print(''.join(
                '> {line}\n'.format(line=line)
                for line in response.splitlines()
            ))
            self.client_connection.sendall(bytes(http_response, 'utf-8'))
        finally:
            self.client_connection.close()


SERVER_ADDRESS = (HOST, PORT) = '', 8888


def make_server(server_address, application):
    server = WSGIServer(server_address)
    server.set_app(application)
    return server


if __name__ == '__main__':
    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
        sys.exit('Provide a WSGI application object as module:callable')
    app_path = sys.argv[1]
    module, application = app_path.split(':')
    module = __import__(module)
    application = getattr(module, application)
    httpd = make_server(SERVER_ADDRESS, application)
    print('WSGIServer: Serving HTTP on port {port} ...\n'.format(port=PORT))
    httpd.serve_forever()

错误是：

Answer 1

您在此处将字符串传递给 bytes 方法：

request_line = request_line.rstrip('\r\n')

request_line 是一个 bytes 对象，而不是 str 对象。您需要传入一个 bytes 对象来剥离；使用 b'...' 字节串文字：

request_line = request_line.rstrip(b'\r\n')

接下来，您尝试将请求正文加载到 StringIO 对象中，但您又遇到了字节。 Python 3 上的 WSGI 使用 binary 文件对象代替：

env['wsgi.input']        = io.BytesIO(self.request_data)

但是，如果您只想部署 Django 项目，请立即停止。您 不需要 编写自己的 WSGI 服务器来实现它。您找到的代码是一个示例 WSGI 服务器，它无法承受实际负载，仅用于说明 WSGI 的工作原理。

对于 Django 部署，请阅读 How to deploy with WSGI documentation. You probably want to read up on how WSGI servers work。

TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' WSGI server

TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' WSGI server

python

wsgi

wsgiserver