在 Fortran 中使用树和指针

Working with trees and pointers in Fortran

我一直在研究一个 Fortran 95 程序,它试图猜测您在想什么。它需要一个包含 id label question yes no:

形式的行的文件
9
1 . Is_it_a_living_thing? 2 7
2 . Can_it_walk? 3 6
3 . Does_it_meow? 4 5
4 a_cat . 0 0
5 David_Mitchell . 0 0
6 a_bacteria . 0 0
7 . Is_it_electrical? 8 9
8 a_toaster . 0 0
9 hair_gel . 0 0

下划线的原因是我编写的这个程序的C实现,阅读时很高兴与Fortran格式配合使用。代码如下:

module types
   implicit none

   type node
      character (len = 32) :: label
      character (len = 128) :: question
      type(node), pointer :: yes, no
   end type node
end module types

program pangolins
   use types
   implicit none

   !type(node), allocatable :: nodes(:)
   type(node), pointer :: head, current

   ! Program

   head => parseFile()
   nullify(current)

   call freeAll(head)

   stop
contains
   function parseFile() result(head)
      implicit none

      type(node), pointer :: nodes(:)
      type(node), pointer :: head
      integer :: i, n, thisN, thisYes, thisNo
      character (len = 32) :: thisLabel
      character (len = 128) :: thisQuestion

      open(10, file = './file1')

      read(10, *) n

      write(*, *) 'Nodes: ', n

      allocate(nodes(n))

      do i = 1, n
         read(10, *) thisN, thisLabel, thisQuestion, thisYes, thisNo

         write (*,'(a24,a64,i4,i4)') thisLabel, thisQuestion, thisYes, thisNo

         nodes(i)%label = thisLabel
         nodes(i)%question = thisQuestion

         if (thisYes .eq. 0) then
            nullify(nodes(i)%yes)
         else
            nodes(i)%yes => nodes(thisYes)
         end if

         if (thisNo .eq. 0) then
            nullify(nodes(i)%no)
         else
            nodes(i)%no => nodes(thisNo)
         end if
      end do

      head => nodes(1)
   end function parseFile

   recursive subroutine freeAll(head)
      implicit none

      type(node), pointer :: head

      if (associated(head%yes)) then
         call freeAll(head%yes)
      end if

      if (associated(head%no)) then
         call freeAll(head%no)
      end if

      write (*,'(a24,a64)') head%label, head%question
      deallocate(head)
   end subroutine freeAll
end program pangolins

目前代码只是初始化数组,然后再次尝试干净地释放它。

问题与指向数组和数组元素的指针有关。我的函数 parseFile 通过首先将文件中的节点解析为指针数组并通过数组中的索引指向 yes 和 no 指针,然后返回第一个元素,该元素始终是树。这在 C 语言中很直观,我就是从这里来的。

当我运行这段代码时,在freeAll()中对deallocate()的第二次调用导致双重空闲段错误。

我怀疑我将它与使用指针数组的 C 版本混淆了,因此虽然我将起始节点初始化为数组,但我可以使用顺序遍历一次释放每个指针自初始化以来,树可能变大了,然后最终释放了数组。这是我一直试图从 C:

移植的函数
...
node_t* readFile(FILE* inFile)
{
    int noOfNodes;

    fscanf(inFile, "%d", &noOfNodes);

    node_t** nodes = (node_t**) malloc(sizeof(node_t*) * noOfNodes);

    for (int i = 0; i < noOfNodes; i++)
        nodes[i] = (node_t*) malloc(sizeof(node_t));

    char* nodeLabel = (char*) malloc(sizeof(char) * MAX_LABEL_SIZE);
    char* nodeQuestion = (char*) malloc(sizeof(char) * MAX_QUESTION_SIZE);
...

我错过了什么?回溯如下:

$ gfortran -pedantic -Wall -ggdb -fbacktrace -fcheck=all -o pangolins pangolins.f95 
pangolins.f95:65.6:

      head => nodes(1)
      1
Warning: Pointer at (1) in pointer assignment might outlive the pointer target
$ ./pangolins
 Nodes:            9
.                       Is_it_a_living_thing?                                              2   7
.                       Can_it_walk?                                                       3   6
.                       Does_it_meow?                                                      4   5
a_cat                   .                                                                  0   0
David_Mitchell          .                                                                  0   0
a_bacteria              .                                                                  0   0
.                       Is_it_electrical?                                                  8   9
a_toaster               .                                                                  0   0
hair_gel                .                                                                  0   0
a_cat                   .                                                               
*** Error in `./pangolins': double free or corruption (out): 0x0000000000858700 ***
======= Backtrace: =========
/lib64/libc.so.6[0x3055875a4f]
/lib64/libc.so.6[0x305587cd78]
./pangolins[0x400d7d]
./pangolins[0x400c70]
./pangolins[0x400c70]
./pangolins[0x400c70]
./pangolins[0x400ddf]
./pangolins[0x4018b6]
/lib64/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf5)[0x3055821d65]
./pangolins[0x400b69]
======= Memory map: ========
00400000-00402000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 5636403                            /home/adam/utils/fortran/pangolins
00602000-00603000 r--p 00002000 08:03 5636403                            /home/adam/utils/fortran/pangolins
00603000-00604000 rw-p 00003000 08:03 5636403                            /home/adam/utils/fortran/pangolins
00853000-00874000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                                  [heap]
3055400000-3055420000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 4459030                        /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
305561f000-3055620000 r--p 0001f000 08:03 4459030                        /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
3055620000-3055621000 rw-p 00020000 08:03 4459030                        /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
3055621000-3055622000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
3055800000-30559b4000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 4499543                        /usr/lib64/libc-2.18.so
30559b4000-3055bb3000 ---p 001b4000 08:03 4499543                        /usr/lib64/libc-2.18.so
3055bb3000-3055bb7000 r--p 001b3000 08:03 4499543                        /usr/lib64/libc-2.18.so
3055bb7000-3055bb9000 rw-p 001b7000 08:03 4499543                        /usr/lib64/libc-2.18.so
3055bb9000-3055bbe000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
3056800000-3056905000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 4460722                        /usr/lib64/libm-2.18.so
3056905000-3056b05000 ---p 00105000 08:03 4460722                        /usr/lib64/libm-2.18.so
3056b05000-3056b06000 r--p 00105000 08:03 4460722                        /usr/lib64/libm-2.18.so
3056b06000-3056b07000 rw-p 00106000 08:03 4460722                        /usr/lib64/libm-2.18.so
3057400000-3057415000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 4499572                        /usr/lib64/libgcc_s-4.8.3-20140911.so.1
3057415000-3057614000 ---p 00015000 08:03 4499572                        /usr/lib64/libgcc_s-4.8.3-20140911.so.1
3057614000-3057615000 r--p 00014000 08:03 4499572                        /usr/lib64/libgcc_s-4.8.3-20140911.so.1
3057615000-3057616000 rw-p 00015000 08:03 4499572                        /usr/lib64/libgcc_s-4.8.3-20140911.so.1
7fcb37dc5000-7fcb37dc9000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7fcb37dc9000-7fcb37e04000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 4471039                    /usr/lib64/libquadmath.so.0.0.0
7fcb37e04000-7fcb38003000 ---p 0003b000 08:03 4471039                    /usr/lib64/libquadmath.so.0.0.0
7fcb38003000-7fcb38004000 r--p 0003a000 08:03 4471039                    /usr/lib64/libquadmath.so.0.0.0
7fcb38004000-7fcb38005000 rw-p 0003b000 08:03 4471039                    /usr/lib64/libquadmath.so.0.0.0
7fcb38005000-7fcb38006000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7fcb38006000-7fcb38125000 r-xp 00000000 08:03 4470960                    /usr/lib64/libgfortran.so.3.0.0
7fcb38125000-7fcb38325000 ---p 0011f000 08:03 4470960                    /usr/lib64/libgfortran.so.3.0.0
7fcb38325000-7fcb38326000 r--p 0011f000 08:03 4470960                    /usr/lib64/libgfortran.so.3.0.0
7fcb38326000-7fcb38328000 rw-p 00120000 08:03 4470960                    /usr/lib64/libgfortran.so.3.0.0
7fcb3834b000-7fcb3834d000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7ffdefd3b000-7ffdefd5c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                          [stack]
7ffdefd8e000-7ffdefd90000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0                          [vvar]
7ffdefd90000-7ffdefd92000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0                          [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0                  [vsyscall]

Program received signal SIGABRT: Process abort signal.

Backtrace for this error:
#0  0x7FCB3801F497
#1  0x7FCB3801FADE
#2  0x30558358EF
#3  0x3055835877
#4  0x3055836F67
#5  0x3055875A53
#6  0x305587CD77
#7  0x400D7C in freeall at pangolins.f95:82 (discriminator 2)
#8  0x400C6F in freeall at pangolins.f95:74
#9  0x400C6F in freeall at pangolins.f95:74
#10  0x400C6F in freeall at pangolins.f95:74
#11  0x400DDE in pangolins at pangolins.f95:23
Aborted (core dumped)

第一个解除分配有效,但随后的解除分配导致了问题。请注意 writedeallocate().

上方打印的第二个 a_cat

函数 parseFile 中的函数结果 head 与数组的一个元素相关联。虽然元素所属的数组是分配的指针目标,但元素本身不是。

作为函数结果的指针最终作为 freeAll 子例程的参数结束。在 freeAll 中,您然后释放该指针引用的东西 - 也就是说您正在释放一些不是已分配的东西。这是一个编程错误。

如果要解除分配 nodes 数组在 parseFile 函数中关联的指针目标,则需要解除分配数组。也许函数的结果和子程序的参数应该是一个数组。

(在C中,指向数组第一个元素的指针可以代表整个数组。除了序列关联之类的东西,Fortran中不是这种情况。)

(一个 style/safe 编程问题 - 您应该考虑使用 parseFile 的子例程而不是函数 - 函数通常用于表达式(不适用于此函数,做 IO) 并且 return 指针结果的函数很容易出错,因此只有在出于其他原因需要时才应使用它们。)