fmap 到 do 块失败并出现打印错误

fmap into a do block fails with a print error

我试图理解为什么我用 do-block 编写的函数不能重写以在列表上 fmap 一个类似的 lambda 表达式。

我有以下内容:

-- This works
test1 x = do 
        let m = T.pack $ show x
        T.putStrLn m

test1 1

生产

1

但是

-- This fails
fmap (\x -> do 
              let m = T.pack $ show x
              T.putStrLn m
              ) [1..10]

-- And this also fails
fmap (\x -> do 
             T.putStrLn $ T.pack $ show x
                ) [1..10]

错误:

<interactive>:1:1: error:
    • No instance for (Show (IO ())) arising from a use of ‘print’
    • In a stmt of an interactive GHCi command: print it

我的 putStrLn 在工作和非工作之间是一致的。进口是一样的。我打印的 show-pack-putstrln 舞蹈在工作和非工作之间也是一致的。

打印的使用在工作和非工作之间发生变化是怎么回事?

更新 1

-- I was also surprised that this fails
fmap (T.putStrLn $ T.pack $ show) [1..10]
-- it seemed as similar as possible to the test1 function but mapped.

<interactive>:1:7: error:
    • Couldn't match expected type ‘Integer -> b’ with actual type ‘IO ()’
    • In the first argument of ‘fmap’, namely ‘(T.putStrLn $ pack $ show)’
      In the expression: fmap (T.putStrLn $ pack $ show) [1 .. 10]
      In an equation for ‘it’: it = fmap (T.putStrLn $ pack $ show) [1 .. 10]
    • Relevant bindings include it :: [b] (bound at <interactive>:1:1)
<interactive>:1:29: error:
    • Couldn't match type ‘() -> String’ with ‘String’
      Expected type: String
        Actual type: () -> String
    • Probable cause: ‘show’ is applied to too few arguments
      In the second argument of ‘($)’, namely ‘show’
      In the second argument of ‘($)’, namely ‘pack $ show’
      In the first argument of ‘fmap’, namely ‘(T.putStrLn $ pack $ show)’

更新 2

-- This lambda returns x of the same type as \x
-- even while incidentally printing along the way
fmap (\x -> do 
              let m = T.pack $ show x
              T.putStrLn $ m
              return x
              ) [1..10]

但也失败了:

<interactive>:1:1: error:
    • No instance for (Show (IO Integer)) arising from a use of ‘print’
    • In a stmt of an interactive GHCi command: print it

fmap f [1..10] 的类型是 [T],其中 Tf 的 return 类型。

在你的例子中,T = IO (),所以完整表达式的类型是 [IO ()]

无法打印 IO 操作,因此当您尝试打印该列表时 GHCi 会报错。您可能想要 运行 这些操作而不是打印它们,使用类似 sequence_ (fmap f [1..10]).

或者,考虑放弃 fmap 并使用

之类的东西
import Data.Foldable (for_)

main = do
   putStrLn "hello"
   for_ [1..10] $ \i -> do
      putStrLn "in the loop"
      print (i*2)
   putStrLn "out of the loop"

您写道:

but when I change the return type of the lambda to be the same as the x that comes in as \x as I do in the update 2 ...

不,不。你不知道。 lambda 函数 return 是其 最后一个表达式 的值。您的 lambda 函数中只有 一个 表达式——整个 do { ... } 定义了一个值,即 lambda 函数的 return 值。不是 xreturn 属于 do,不是 lambda 表达式。如果我们用明确的分隔符来写它更容易看出,如

fmap (\x -> do {
              let m = T.pack $ show x ;
              T.putStrLn $ m ;
              return x
              } ) [1..10]

do 块作为一个整体与其每行语句具有相同的 monadic 类型。

其中之一是 putStrLn ...,其类型是 IO ()。所以你的 lambda 函数 returns IO t 对于某些 t

并且由于 return xtx 的类型。我们有 return :: Monad m => t -> m t,所以 m ~ IOreturn :: t -> IO t

x 来自参数列表 Num t => [t],所以总的来说你有

Num t => fmap (fx :: t -> IO t) (xs :: [t]) :: [IO t]

           xs :: [t]
        fx    ::  t  ->  IO t
   ----------------------------
   fmap fx xs ::        [IO t]