在 OpenGL window (python) 中可视化单个字符

Question

使用以下代码，我想在 opengl window 中显示单个字符，但如果字符在较小的 sizer 中多次水平和垂直打印成 space，我只能得到也就是说，我认为，角色应有的大小。谢谢。

代码（几乎全部）：

import numpy
from freetype import *
import OpenGL.GL as gl
import OpenGL.GLUT as glut

text  = 'H'

def makefont(filename, size):
    face = Face(filename)
    face.set_char_size( size*64 )
    face.load_char(text, FT_LOAD_RENDER | FT_LOAD_FORCE_AUTOHINT)
    bitmap = face.glyph.bitmap

    data = bitmap.buffer
    rows = bitmap.rows
    width = bitmap.width
    ascender  = face.glyph.bitmap_top
    descender = bitmap.rows-face.glyph.bitmap_top
    height = ascender+descender
    imageData = numpy.array(bitmap.buffer, numpy.uint8).reshape(rows,width)
    imageData = imageData[::-1,:]
    #########

    textureID = gl.glGenTextures(1)
    gl.glBindTexture( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID )
    gl.glTexParameterf( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR )
    gl.glTexParameterf( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR )
    gl.glTexImage2D( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_RGBA, width, height, 0,
                     gl.GL_RGBA, gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, imageData )
    #
    gl.glBindTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID)
    gl.glBegin(gl.GL_QUADS)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 0)
    x = 0
    y = 0
    w = width
    h = height
    gl.glVertex2f(x, y)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 0)
    gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 1)
    gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y + h)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 1)
    gl.glVertex2f( x, y + h) 
    gl.glEnd()


def on_display( ):
    gl.glClearColor(1,1,1,1)
    gl.glClear(gl.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
    gl.glColor(0,0,0,1)
    makefont( './VeraMono.ttf', 64 )
    glut.glutSwapBuffers( )

def on_reshape( width, height ):
    #

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import sys
    glut.glutInitDisplayMode( glut.GLUT_DOUBLE | glut.GLUT_RGB | glut.GLUT_DEPTH )

    gl.glTexEnvf( gl.GL_TEXTURE_ENV, gl.GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, gl.GL_MODULATE )
    gl.glEnable( gl.GL_DEPTH_TEST )
    gl.glEnable( gl.GL_BLEND )
    gl.glEnable( gl.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL )
    gl.glColorMaterial( gl.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, gl.GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE )
    gl.glBlendFunc( gl.GL_SRC_ALPHA, gl.GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA )
    gl.glEnable( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D )
    glut.glutMainLoop( )

Answer 1

freetype 库渲染的字形图像只有 1 个颜色通道。使用 GL_ALPHA 作为纹理的格式和内部格式。参见 glTexImage2D。
此外，您还必须更改 GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT 参数。 GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT 参数定义从缓冲区读取图像时图像每一行（行）中第一个像素的对齐方式。默认情况下，此参数为 4.
字形图像的每个像素都用一个字节编码，并且图像是紧密打包的。因此字形图像的对齐方式为 1，并且必须在读取图像和指定纹理之前更改参数：

gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1)
gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_ALPHA, width, height, 0,
                gl.GL_ALPHA, gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, imageData)

由于您没有设置任何投影矩阵，因此您必须在归一化设备中绘制几何图形space。在标准化设备 space 中，所有坐标都在 [-1.0, 1.0]:

范围内

x, y, w, h = -1, -1, 2, 2
gl.glBegin(gl.GL_QUADS)
gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 0)
gl.glVertex2f(x, y)
gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 0)
gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y)
gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 1)
gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y + h)
gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 1)
gl.glVertex2f( x, y + h) 
gl.glEnd()

如果你想使用 window 坐标，你必须通过 glOrtho:

设置正交投影

gl.glMatrixMode(gl.GL_PROJECTION)
gl.glLoadIdentity()
gl.glOrtho(0, width, height, 0, -1, 1)
gl.glMatrixMode(gl.GL_MODELVIEW)

x, y, w, h = 0, 0, width, height
gl.glBegin(gl.GL_QUADS)
gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 0)
gl.glVertex2f(x, y)
gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 0)
gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y)
gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 1)
gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y + h)
gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 1)
gl.glVertex2f( x, y + h) 
gl.glEnd()

完成函数makefont和on_reshape:

def makefont(filename, size):
    face = Face(filename)
    face.set_char_size( size*64 )
    face.load_char(text, FT_LOAD_RENDER | FT_LOAD_FORCE_AUTOHINT)
    bitmap = face.glyph.bitmap

    data = bitmap.buffer
    rows = bitmap.rows
    width = bitmap.width
    ascender  = face.glyph.bitmap_top
    descender = bitmap.rows-face.glyph.bitmap_top
    height = ascender+descender
    imageData = numpy.array(bitmap.buffer, numpy.uint8).reshape(rows,width)
    imageData = imageData[::-1,:]

    textureID = gl.glGenTextures(1)
    gl.glBindTexture( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID )
    gl.glTexParameterf( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR )
    gl.glTexParameterf( gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR )
    gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1)
    gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_ALPHA, width, height, 0,
                gl.GL_ALPHA, gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, imageData)

    x, y, w, h = 0, 0, width, height
    gl.glBindTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID)
    gl.glBegin(gl.GL_QUADS)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 0)
    gl.glVertex2f(x, y)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 0)
    gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(1, 1)
    gl.glVertex2f(x + w, y + h)
    gl.glTexCoord2f(0, 1)
    gl.glVertex2f( x, y + h) 
    gl.glEnd()

def on_reshape( width, height ):
    gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
    gl.glMatrixMode(gl.GL_PROJECTION)
    gl.glLoadIdentity()
    gl.glOrtho(0, width, height, 0, -1, 1)
    gl.glMatrixMode(gl.GL_MODELVIEW)

另见 Immediate mode and legacy OpenGL

在 OpenGL window (python) 中可视化单个字符

Visualize a single character in an OpenGL window (python)

python

opengl

pyopengl

freetype

opengl-compat