加速此功能的可能性是什么?

What are the possibilities for speeding up this function?

我正在尝试加速以下功能:

{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}

import Data.Word
import Data.Bits
import Data.List (foldl1')
import System.Random
import qualified Data.List as L

data Tree a = AB (Tree a) (Tree a) | A (Tree a) | B (Tree a) | C !a
    deriving Show

merge :: Tree a -> Tree a -> Tree a
merge (C x) _               = C x
merge _ (C y)               = C y
merge (A ta) (A tb)         = A (merge ta tb)
merge (A ta) (B tb)         = AB ta tb
merge (A ta) (AB tb tc)     = AB (merge ta tb) tc
merge (B ta) (A tb)         = AB tb ta
merge (B ta) (B tb)         = B (merge ta tb)
merge (B ta) (AB tb tc)     = AB tb (merge ta tc)
merge (AB ta tb) (A tc)     = AB (merge ta tc) tb
merge (AB ta tb) (B tc)     = AB ta (merge tb tc)
merge (AB ta tb) (AB tc td) = AB (merge ta tc) (merge tb td)

为了强调其性能,我使用 merge:

实现了排序
fold ab a b c list = go list where
    go (AB a' b') = ab (go a') (go b')
    go (A a')     = a (go a')
    go (B b')     = b (go b')
    go (C x)      = c x

mergeAll :: [Tree a] -> Tree a
mergeAll = foldl1' merge

foldrBits :: (Word32 -> t -> t) -> t -> Word32 -> t
foldrBits cons nil word = go 32 word nil where
    go 0 w !r = r
    go l w !r = go (l-1) (shiftR w 1) (cons (w.&.1) r)

word32ToTree :: Word32 -> Tree Word32
word32ToTree w = foldrBits cons (C w) w where
    cons 0 t = A t
    cons 1 t = B t

toList = fold (++) id id (\ a -> [a])

sort = toList . mergeAll . map word32ToTree

main = do
    is <- mapM (const randomIO :: a -> IO Word32) [0..500000]
    print $ sum $ sort is

性能从一开始就相当不错,比 Data.Listsort 慢 2.5 倍左右。不过,我没有做任何进一步加速的事情:内联几个函数,在许多地方添加 bang 注释,UNPACK on C !a。有什么办法可以加快这个功能吗?

您分配的 thunk 肯定太多了。我将展示如何分析代码:

merge (A ta) (A tb)         = A (merge ta tb)

在这里,您使用一个参数分配构造函数 A,这是一个 thunk。你能说一下 merge ta tb 块什么时候会被强制吗?可能只有在最后,使用生成的树时。尝试为每个 Tree 构造函数的每个参数添加一个 bang 以确保它是 spine-strict:

data Tree a = AB !(Tree a) !(Tree a) | A !(Tree a) | B !(Tree a) | C !a

下一个例子:

go l w !r = go (l-1) (shiftR w 1) (cons (w.&.1) r)

在这里,您正在为 l-1shifrR w 1cons (w.&.1) r 分配一个 thunk。比较lo时,第一个将在下一次迭代中强制执行,第二个将在下一次迭代中强制执行3d thunk时强制执行(此处使用w),由于 r 上的爆炸,第三个 thunk 被强制进行下一次迭代。所以可能这个特定的条款就可以了。