为什么 rdf:type 不和父亲类一起工作？

Question

在我的保护下，我明确声明 class Symphony 是 class class 的子class Recommendable，如图所示： Classes Hierarchy

我还在 class Symphony 中添加了一些实例，当我查询 Symphony 实例时，我得到了结果。但是，当我查询 Recommendable 实例时，我什么也得不到。

这是 Symphony class 的查询：

SELECT DISTINCT  ?subject   WHERE {
  ?subject rdf:type owbes:Symphony
}

结果如下： Symphony instances query result

这是可推荐 class 的查询。

SELECT DISTINCT  ?subject   WHERE {
  ?subject rdf:type owbes:Recommendable
}

这个结果是空的，正如你在这里看到的 [推荐实例查询结果][3]

两者都来自相同的前缀。我做错了什么？

这是在 owl 文件中生成的内容：

<owl:Class rdf:about="bla bla bla/recommendation-systems#Symphony">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="bla bla bla/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
</owl:Class>

如您所见，我已将 Symphony 正确地设为可推荐

的子class

我找到了解决方案：进行此查询可以解决问题

SELECT   ?subject   WHERE {
  ?subject rdf:type ?type.
  ?type rdfs:subClassOf owbes:Recommendable
}

但是，我不知道为什么 rdf:type 不起作用

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://www.semanticweb.org/welovethesemanticweb#"
     xml:base="http://www.semanticweb.org/welovethesemanticweb"
     xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
     xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
     xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
     xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
     xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
     xmlns:recommendation-systems="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#">
    <owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://www.semanticweb.org/welovethesemanticweb"/>



    <!-- 
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // Annotation properties
    //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     -->




    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#hasSimilarityValue -->

    <owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#hasSimilarityValue"/>



    <!-- 
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // Object Properties
    //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     -->




    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#composedBy -->

    <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#composedBy">
        <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#hasArtist"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#AsymmetricProperty"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#IrreflexiveProperty"/>
        <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
        <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Composer"/>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Composed By</rdfs:label>
    </owl:ObjectProperty>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#fromEra -->

    <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#fromEra">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#AsymmetricProperty"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#IrreflexiveProperty"/>
        <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist"/>
        <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra"/>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Describes the musical era that music is from</rdfs:label>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">From Era</rdfs:label>
        <recommendation-systems:hasSimilarityValue rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double">0.1</recommendation-systems:hasSimilarityValue>
    </owl:ObjectProperty>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#hasArtist -->

    <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#hasArtist">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#AsymmetricProperty"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#IrreflexiveProperty"/>
        <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist"/>
        <rdfs:comment>Describes the arties of the music</rdfs:comment>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Has Artist</rdfs:label>
        <recommendation-systems:hasSimilarityValue rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double">0.4</recommendation-systems:hasSimilarityValue>
    </owl:ObjectProperty>



    <!-- 
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // Data properties
    //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     -->




    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#contributeToSimilarities -->

    <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#contributeToSimilarities">
        <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double"/>
    </owl:DatatypeProperty>



    <!-- 
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // Classes
    //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     -->




    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist -->

    <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist">
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Song"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
    </owl:Class>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Composer -->

    <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Composer">
        <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Song"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
    </owl:Class>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra -->

    <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra">
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Singer"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Song"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
    </owl:Class>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable -->

    <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable">
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Singer"/>
    </owl:Class>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Singer -->

    <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Singer">
        <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Song"/>
        <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
    </owl:Class>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Song -->

    <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Song">
        <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
    </owl:Class>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony -->

    <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony">
        <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
    </owl:Class>



    <!-- 
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // Individuals
    //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     -->




    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Adele -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Adele">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Singer"/>
        <recommendation-systems:fromEra rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#current"/>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Beethoven -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Beethoven">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Composer"/>
        <recommendation-systems:fromEra rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#classical"/>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Dies_Irae -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Dies_Irae">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
        <recommendation-systems:composedBy rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart"/>
        <recommendation-systems:hasArtist rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart"/>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Dies Irae</rdfs:label>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Le_nozze_di_Figaro -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Le_nozze_di_Figaro">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
        <recommendation-systems:composedBy rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart"/>
        <recommendation-systems:hasArtist rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart"/>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Le Nozze Di Digaro</rdfs:label>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Artist"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Composer"/>
        <recommendation-systems:fromEra rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#classical"/>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#baroque -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#baroque">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra"/>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#classical -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#classical">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra"/>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#current -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#current">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra"/>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#romantic -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#romantic">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#MusicalEra"/>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#5th_Symphony -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#5th_Symphony">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
        <recommendation-systems:composedBy rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Beethoven"/>
        <recommendation-systems:hasArtist rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Beethoven"/>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">5th Symphony</rdfs:label>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Requiem:_Sequentia -->

    <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Requiem:_Sequentia">
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Recommendable"/>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Symphony"/>
        <recommendation-systems:composedBy rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart"/>
        <recommendation-systems:hasArtist rdf:resource="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#Mozart"/>
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Requiem Sequentia</rdfs:label>
    </owl:NamedIndividual>



    <!-- 
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // General axioms
    //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     -->

    <rdf:Description>
        <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#AllDifferent"/>
        <owl:distinctMembers rdf:parseType="Collection">
            <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#baroque"/>
            <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#classical"/>
            <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.welovethesemanticweb.com/recommendation-systems#romantic"/>
        </owl:distinctMembers>
    </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>



<!-- Generated by the OWL API (version 4.1.3.20151118-2017) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi -->

Answer 1

当 class C 被声明为 class D 的子 class 时，您可以推断 C 的实例是也是 D 的一个实例。但是，推理过程是您需要 reasoner 的东西。如果您不使用推理机，您将不会自动获得该结果。简而言之，您要的是

形式的三元组

?subject rdf:type owbes:Recommendable

但这不在数据中。数据中有两个三元组：

?subject rdf:type owbes:Symphony  
owbes:Symphony rdfs:subClassOf owbes:Recommendable

在这种情况下，您实际上可以通过使用具有属性路径的 SPARQL 查询来获得；您不需要完整的推理机。您可以使用这样的查询：

select ?subject where {
    ?subject rdf:type/rdfs:subClassOf* owbes:Recommendable
}

这表示要查找具有通过 rdfs:subClassOf 属性链（可能长度为零）链接到 owbes:Recommendable 的类型的主题。实际上，这意味着要找到 owbes:Recommendable 或其子 class 之一的 ?subjects。

有关更多信息，请参阅：

Using SPARQL for limited RDFS and OWL reasoning
how to do reasoning in Jena via Sparql Query

为什么 rdf:type 不和父亲类一起工作？

why rdf:type doesn't work with father classes?

rdf

semantic-web

owl

ontology

protege4

为什么 rdf:type 不和父亲 类 一起工作？

why rdf:type doesn't work with father classes?

rdf

semantic-web

owl

ontology

protege4

为什么 rdf:type 不和父亲类一起工作？