如何从 pip freeze 异常中恢复？
How to recover from pip freeze exception?
我在 ubuntu 14 系统上安装 python 2.7 软件包，运行 遇到一个问题，其中 "pip freeze" 产生这样的输出 ...
$ pip freeze
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
$ cat /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/bin/pip run on Tue Feb 9 21:00:36 2016
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
我不确定是什么导致了这种情况。
我怀疑 easy_install 程序的失败可能导致某些东西被破坏。
我试过重新安装 pip。
这没有效果。
我怀疑我必须通过 pip 和 python 相关的 ubuntu 软件包通过 apt-get 完全卸载和重新安装所有 python 软件包。一包一包。
这将非常耗时，我不确定它是否会达到预期的结果。
这个问题有更好的方法吗？
这是我在 运行ning easy_install 之前安装的软件包：
sudo apt-get install -y libprotobuf-dev libleveldb-dev libsnappy-dev libopencv-dev libboost-all-dev libhdf5-serial-dev protobuf-compiler gfortran libjpeg62 libfreeimage-dev libatlas-base-dev git python-dev python-pip libgoogle-glog-dev libbz2-dev libxml2-dev libxslt-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev libgflags-dev liblmdb-dev python-yaml python-numpy
这是我从 easy_install 得到的初始异常：
$ sudo easy_install pillow
Searching for pillow
Reading https://pypi.python.org/simple/pillow/
Best match: Pillow 3.1.1
Downloading https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/P/Pillow/Pillow-3.1.1.zip#md5=3868f54fd164e65f95fbcb32f62940ae
Processing Pillow-3.1.1.zip
Writing /tmp/easy_install-Bvu_2f/Pillow-3.1.1/setup.cfg
Running Pillow-3.1.1/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-Bvu_2f/Pillow-3.1.1/egg-dist-tmp-lMm5Tk
warning: no previously-included files found matching '.editorconfig'
Building using 4 processes
_imaging.c: In function ‘getink’:
_imaging.c:474:9: warning: ‘r’ may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
int r, g, b, a;
^
libImaging/Resample.c:87:45: warning: always_inline function might not be inlinable [-Wattributes]
static float __attribute__((always_inline)) i2f(int v) {
^
Building using 4 processes
Building using 4 processes
Building using 4 processes
--------------------------------------------------------------------
PIL SETUP SUMMARY
--------------------------------------------------------------------
version Pillow 3.1.1
platform linux2 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
[GCC 4.8.2]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*** TKINTER support not available
--- JPEG support available
*** OPENJPEG (JPEG2000) support not available
--- ZLIB (PNG/ZIP) support available
--- LIBTIFF support available
--- FREETYPE2 support available
*** LITTLECMS2 support not available
*** WEBP support not available
*** WEBPMUX support not available
--------------------------------------------------------------------
To add a missing option, make sure you have the required
library, and set the corresponding ROOT variable in the
setup.py script.
To check the build, run the selftest.py script.
Adding Pillow 3.1.1 to easy-install.pth file
Installing pildriver.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing viewer.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing gifmaker.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilconvert.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilfont.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilfile.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing createfontdatachunk.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing explode.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilprint.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing player.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing thresholder.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing painter.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing enhancer.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installed /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Pillow-3.1.1-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg
Processing dependencies for pillow
Finished processing dependencies for pillow
Exception in thread Thread-1:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 810, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 763, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 330, in _handle_workers
debug('worker handler exiting')
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
Exception Exception in thread Thread-2:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 810, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 763, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 357, in _handle_tasks
debug('task handler got sentinel')
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
TypeError: TypeError("'NoneType' object does not support item deletion",) in <Finalize object, dead> ignored
ubuntu@ip-10-234-31-217:~/nvidia_installers/cuda$
我随后能够通过 pip 安装 pillow。
我注意到我的路径中似乎有 2 个不同的 dist-packages。
这似乎有点奇怪。
>>> import sys
>>> import pprint
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)
>>> pp.pprint(sys.path)
[ '',
'/usr/lib/python2.7',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload',
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages']
这是我正在执行的完整程序：
Install Caffe on EC2 from scratch
了解到apt-get支持的pip版本很旧
我试过更新 pip。
我收到 "Owned by OS" 个错误。
我不确定如何在此处偏离使用 apt-get 以及这样做的后果。
$ pip install -U pip
Downloading/unpacking pip from https://pypi.python.org/packages/py2.py3/p/pip/pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl#md5=2056f553d5b593d3a970296f229c1b79
Downloading pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.2MB): 1.2MB downloaded
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 1.5.4
Not uninstalling pip at /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages, owned by OS
Can't roll back pip; was not uninstalled
Cleaning up...
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/install.py", line 283, in run
requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 1436, in install
requirement.install(install_options, global_options, *args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 672, in install
self.move_wheel_files(self.source_dir, root=root)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 902, in move_wheel_files
pycompile=self.pycompile,
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/wheel.py", line 206, in move_wheel_files
clobber(source, lib_dir, True)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/wheel.py", line 193, in clobber
os.makedirs(destsubdir)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/os.py", line 157, in makedirs
mkdir(name, mode)
OSError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info'
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
$ sudo pip install -U pip
Downloading/unpacking pip from https://pypi.python.org/packages/py2.py3/p/pip/pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl#md5=2056f553d5b593d3a970296f229c1b79
Downloading pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.2MB): 1.2MB downloaded
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 1.5.4
Not uninstalling pip at /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages, owned by OS
Successfully installed pip
Cleaning up...
$ pip --version
pip 1.5.4 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
ubuntu@ip-10-234-31-217:~$ pip freeze
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
另一种升级pip的方法也失败了：
$ sudo pip install --upgrade pip
The directory '/home/ubuntu/.cache/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/home/ubuntu/.cache/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:315: SNIMissingWarning: An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Subject Name Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS certificate, which can cause validation failures. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#snimissingwarning.
SNIMissingWarning
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:120: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning.
InsecurePlatformWarning
Requirement already up-to-date: pip in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:120: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning.
InsecurePlatformWarning
$ pip freeze
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
$ ls -lF /home/ubuntu/.cache/pip/http
ls: cannot access /home/ubuntu/.cache/pip/http: No such file or directory
$ ls -lF /home/ubuntu/.cache
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 ubuntu ubuntu 0 Feb 6 00:39 motd.legal-displayed
为了在基于 debian 的 linux 发行版（包括 ubuntu）上安装 pip，我使用 python-setuptools 包中的 easy_install 取得了很好的效果。所以通常看起来像：
sudo apt-get install python-setuptools
sudo easy_install pip
您似乎已经有 easy_install 可用。无论如何，在尝试以这种方式安装 pip 之前，您应该尝试尽可能多地清理当前设置。我会删除 python-pip 包，删除任何其他升级 pip 的痕迹，并删除 pillow 模块的痕迹，因为当事情开始出错时，你正在安装它。也许是这样的：
sudo apt-get remove --purge python-pip
sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/python2.7/{dist,site}-packages/pip*
sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/python2.7/{dist,site}-packages/pillow*
最后，当您使用 easy_install 或 pip 安装除可导入 python 模块之外还包含命令的东西时，该命令将放在 /usr/local/bin 中，所以你应该确保 /usr/local/bin 在你的 shell 的 PATH 中。 pip 命令将在那里。 （我只使用 easy_install 安装 pip，然后使用 pip 安装任何其他 python 包。）
编辑：顺便说一下，"initial exception from easy_install pillow" 不是异常，也不是错误。它显示了一些非致命的编译器警告，并且未启用某些功能，但它似乎已经起作用。可能是后来对 pip 的操作导致了 pip 的问题。
很久以后编辑 2：我有一个 "braino" 并写了 /usr/local/lib，我在上面最后一段原始段落中的意思是 /usr/local/bin。现已修复。
我在 ubuntu 14 系统上安装 python 2.7 软件包，运行 遇到一个问题，其中 "pip freeze" 产生这样的输出 ...
$ pip freeze
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
$ cat /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/bin/pip run on Tue Feb 9 21:00:36 2016
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
我不确定是什么导致了这种情况。
我怀疑 easy_install 程序的失败可能导致某些东西被破坏。
我试过重新安装 pip。
这没有效果。
我怀疑我必须通过 pip 和 python 相关的 ubuntu 软件包通过 apt-get 完全卸载和重新安装所有 python 软件包。一包一包。
这将非常耗时，我不确定它是否会达到预期的结果。
这个问题有更好的方法吗？
这是我在 运行ning easy_install 之前安装的软件包：
sudo apt-get install -y libprotobuf-dev libleveldb-dev libsnappy-dev libopencv-dev libboost-all-dev libhdf5-serial-dev protobuf-compiler gfortran libjpeg62 libfreeimage-dev libatlas-base-dev git python-dev python-pip libgoogle-glog-dev libbz2-dev libxml2-dev libxslt-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev libgflags-dev liblmdb-dev python-yaml python-numpy
这是我从 easy_install 得到的初始异常：
$ sudo easy_install pillow
Searching for pillow
Reading https://pypi.python.org/simple/pillow/
Best match: Pillow 3.1.1
Downloading https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/P/Pillow/Pillow-3.1.1.zip#md5=3868f54fd164e65f95fbcb32f62940ae
Processing Pillow-3.1.1.zip
Writing /tmp/easy_install-Bvu_2f/Pillow-3.1.1/setup.cfg
Running Pillow-3.1.1/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-Bvu_2f/Pillow-3.1.1/egg-dist-tmp-lMm5Tk
warning: no previously-included files found matching '.editorconfig'
Building using 4 processes
_imaging.c: In function ‘getink’:
_imaging.c:474:9: warning: ‘r’ may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
int r, g, b, a;
^
libImaging/Resample.c:87:45: warning: always_inline function might not be inlinable [-Wattributes]
static float __attribute__((always_inline)) i2f(int v) {
^
Building using 4 processes
Building using 4 processes
Building using 4 processes
--------------------------------------------------------------------
PIL SETUP SUMMARY
--------------------------------------------------------------------
version Pillow 3.1.1
platform linux2 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
[GCC 4.8.2]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*** TKINTER support not available
--- JPEG support available
*** OPENJPEG (JPEG2000) support not available
--- ZLIB (PNG/ZIP) support available
--- LIBTIFF support available
--- FREETYPE2 support available
*** LITTLECMS2 support not available
*** WEBP support not available
*** WEBPMUX support not available
--------------------------------------------------------------------
To add a missing option, make sure you have the required
library, and set the corresponding ROOT variable in the
setup.py script.
To check the build, run the selftest.py script.
Adding Pillow 3.1.1 to easy-install.pth file
Installing pildriver.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing viewer.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing gifmaker.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilconvert.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilfont.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilfile.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing createfontdatachunk.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing explode.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pilprint.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing player.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing thresholder.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing painter.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installing enhancer.py script to /usr/local/bin
Installed /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Pillow-3.1.1-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg
Processing dependencies for pillow
Finished processing dependencies for pillow
Exception in thread Thread-1:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 810, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 763, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 330, in _handle_workers
debug('worker handler exiting')
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
Exception Exception in thread Thread-2:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 810, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 763, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 357, in _handle_tasks
debug('task handler got sentinel')
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
TypeError: TypeError("'NoneType' object does not support item deletion",) in <Finalize object, dead> ignored
ubuntu@ip-10-234-31-217:~/nvidia_installers/cuda$
我随后能够通过 pip 安装 pillow。
我注意到我的路径中似乎有 2 个不同的 dist-packages。
这似乎有点奇怪。
>>> import sys
>>> import pprint
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)
>>> pp.pprint(sys.path)
[ '',
'/usr/lib/python2.7',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload',
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages',
'/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages']
这是我正在执行的完整程序：
Install Caffe on EC2 from scratch
了解到apt-get支持的pip版本很旧
我试过更新 pip。
我收到 "Owned by OS" 个错误。
我不确定如何在此处偏离使用 apt-get 以及这样做的后果。
$ pip install -U pip
Downloading/unpacking pip from https://pypi.python.org/packages/py2.py3/p/pip/pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl#md5=2056f553d5b593d3a970296f229c1b79
Downloading pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.2MB): 1.2MB downloaded
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 1.5.4
Not uninstalling pip at /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages, owned by OS
Can't roll back pip; was not uninstalled
Cleaning up...
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/install.py", line 283, in run
requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 1436, in install
requirement.install(install_options, global_options, *args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 672, in install
self.move_wheel_files(self.source_dir, root=root)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 902, in move_wheel_files
pycompile=self.pycompile,
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/wheel.py", line 206, in move_wheel_files
clobber(source, lib_dir, True)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/wheel.py", line 193, in clobber
os.makedirs(destsubdir)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/os.py", line 157, in makedirs
mkdir(name, mode)
OSError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info'
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
$ sudo pip install -U pip
Downloading/unpacking pip from https://pypi.python.org/packages/py2.py3/p/pip/pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl#md5=2056f553d5b593d3a970296f229c1b79
Downloading pip-8.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.2MB): 1.2MB downloaded
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 1.5.4
Not uninstalling pip at /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages, owned by OS
Successfully installed pip
Cleaning up...
$ pip --version
pip 1.5.4 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
ubuntu@ip-10-234-31-217:~$ pip freeze
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
另一种升级pip的方法也失败了：
$ sudo pip install --upgrade pip
The directory '/home/ubuntu/.cache/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/home/ubuntu/.cache/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:315: SNIMissingWarning: An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Subject Name Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS certificate, which can cause validation failures. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#snimissingwarning.
SNIMissingWarning
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:120: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning.
InsecurePlatformWarning
Requirement already up-to-date: pip in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:120: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning.
InsecurePlatformWarning
$ pip freeze
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py", line 74, in run
req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist, dependency_links, find_tags=find_tags)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 286, in from_dist
assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] == '=='
AssertionError
Storing debug log for failure in /home/ubuntu/.pip/pip.log
$ ls -lF /home/ubuntu/.cache/pip/http
ls: cannot access /home/ubuntu/.cache/pip/http: No such file or directory
$ ls -lF /home/ubuntu/.cache
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 ubuntu ubuntu 0 Feb 6 00:39 motd.legal-displayed
为了在基于 debian 的 linux 发行版（包括 ubuntu）上安装 pip，我使用 python-setuptools 包中的 easy_install 取得了很好的效果。所以通常看起来像：
sudo apt-get install python-setuptools
sudo easy_install pip
您似乎已经有 easy_install 可用。无论如何，在尝试以这种方式安装 pip 之前，您应该尝试尽可能多地清理当前设置。我会删除 python-pip 包，删除任何其他升级 pip 的痕迹，并删除 pillow 模块的痕迹，因为当事情开始出错时，你正在安装它。也许是这样的：
sudo apt-get remove --purge python-pip
sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/python2.7/{dist,site}-packages/pip*
sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/python2.7/{dist,site}-packages/pillow*
最后，当您使用 easy_install 或 pip 安装除可导入 python 模块之外还包含命令的东西时，该命令将放在 /usr/local/bin 中，所以你应该确保 /usr/local/bin 在你的 shell 的 PATH 中。 pip 命令将在那里。 （我只使用 easy_install 安装 pip，然后使用 pip 安装任何其他 python 包。）
编辑：顺便说一下，"initial exception from easy_install pillow" 不是异常，也不是错误。它显示了一些非致命的编译器警告，并且未启用某些功能，但它似乎已经起作用。可能是后来对 pip 的操作导致了 pip 的问题。
很久以后编辑 2：我有一个 "braino" 并写了 /usr/local/lib，我在上面最后一段原始段落中的意思是 /usr/local/bin。现已修复。