Android OpenGL ES 2.0 只限于内存中的 16 个纹理？

Question

基本上，当我在 Android Studio 中使用 OpenGL ES 2.0 开发应用程序时，我运行遇到了一个我无法解决的大问题，它一直困扰着我大约一个星期。

因此，每当我在内存中加载超过 16 个，可能是 17 个任意大小的纹理，并尝试通过我在 Genymotion 中的模拟器或我的 ASUS 平板电脑以 2D 方式显示它们时，它要么开始显示与实际不同的图像我在该特定索引处具有约束力，或者根本不显示。然而，如果我通过我的三星 Galaxy S6 运行它，它运行没问题。但是，如果我加载 16 个或更少的纹理，它可以在我测试它的所有设备上正常工作，包括模拟器。

这让我尝试了一个小实验，看看它是否会显示每个字母为 16x16 png 的字母图像 a-z，所有这些都在我的可绘制文件夹中。当显示每个字母时，屏幕上的尺寸为 80x80，以便我可以看到它们。所以我试着让它运行 "a" 到 "z"。在模拟器和我的平板电脑上，它只显示 "a" 到 "o"，最后 "z" 应该是 "p"，然后就停在那里.在我的 Samsung Galaxy 上，它实际上显示了 "a" 到 "z" 并且做了它应该做的事情。考虑到我将常量中的纹理数设置为 27 或什至更高，这对于为什么它不能在其他设备上正确加载没有任何意义。我希望我能解释我的问题。而且我很确定它们都能够加载超过 16 个纹理，所以我的代码一定有问题。我不会展示整个项目，而是会展示问题可能存在的相关区域。感谢您提供任何帮助，并提前致谢。这是我的代码：

常数：

public class Constants
{
public static final int BYTES_PER_FLOAT = 4;
public static final int POSITION_COMPONENT_COUNT = 4;
public static final int NORMAL_COMPONENT_COUNT = 3;
public static final int COLOR_COMPONENT_COUNT = 4;
public static final int TEXTURE_COORDS_COMPONENT_COUNT = 2;

public static final String A_COLOR = "a_Color";
public static final String A_POSITION = "a_Position";
public static final String A_NORMAL = "a_Normal";
public static final String A_TEXTURECOORDS = "a_TextureCoords";
public static final String U_MVMATRIX = "u_MVMatrix";
public static final String U_MVPMATRIX = "u_MVPMatrix";
public static final String U_TEXTURE_UNIT = "u_Texture_Unit";
public static final String U_LIGHTPOS = "u_LightPos";
public static final String V_COLOR = "v_Color";
public static final String V_POSITION = "v_Position";
public static final String V_NORMAL = "v_Normal";

public static float SCREEN_WIDTH;
public static float SCREEN_HEIGHT;

public static int NUMBER_OF_TEXTURES = 27;
}

Texture.java:

import android.content.Context;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
import android.opengl.GLUtils;

import static android.opengl.GLES20.*;

public class Texture
{
public static int[] texture;

public static void Load(Context context, int resourceId, int index)
{
    //glGenTextures(Constants.NUMBER_OF_TEXTURES, texture, starting_index);
    //int n: specifies the number of texture names to be generated
    //int[] textures: specifies an array in which the generated texture names are stored
    //int offset: the starting index of your array!

    Bitmap bitmap;
    final BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
    options.inScaled = false;

    // loading texture
    bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(), resourceId, options);

    // ...and bind it to our array
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + index);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[index]);

    // create nearest filtered texture
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);

    // Use Android GLUtils to specify a two-dimensional texture image from our bitmap
    GLUtils.texImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, bitmap, 0);

    // Clean up
    bitmap.recycle();
}

public static void Delete(int[] texture, int starting_index)
{
    try
    {
        glDeleteTextures(1, texture, starting_index);
    }
    catch(Exception e)
    {
        return;
    }

}
}

Quad.java

import static android.opengl.GLES20.*;

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import java.nio.FloatBuffer;

public class Quad
 {
public float vertices[];
public float colors[];
public float texture_coords[];

public FloatBuffer vertexBuffer;
public FloatBuffer textureBuffer;
public FloatBuffer colorBuffer;

public Quad(float x1, float y1, float z1, float w1,
            float x2, float y2, float z2, float w2,
            float x3, float y3, float z3, float w3,
            float x4, float y4, float z4, float w4,
            float red, float green, float blue, float alpha,
            float u1, float v1, float u2, float v2)
{
    vertices = new float[]{x1, y1, z1, w1,
            x2, y2, z2, w2,
            x3, y3, z3, w3,
            x4, y4, z4, w4};

    colors = new float[]{red, green, blue, alpha,
            red, green, blue, alpha,
            red, green, blue, alpha,
            red, green, blue, alpha};

    ByteBuffer vertexByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length * Constants.BYTES_PER_FLOAT);
    vertexByteBuffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
    vertexBuffer = vertexByteBuffer.asFloatBuffer();
    vertexBuffer.put(vertices);
    vertexBuffer.position(0);

    ByteBuffer colorByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length * Constants.BYTES_PER_FLOAT);
    colorByteBuffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
    colorBuffer = colorByteBuffer.asFloatBuffer();
    colorBuffer.put(colors);
    colorBuffer.position(0);

    texture_coords = new float[]{u1, v1,
            u2, v1,
            u1, v2,
            u2, v2};
    ByteBuffer textureByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(texture_coords.length * Constants.BYTES_PER_FLOAT);
    textureByteBuffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
    textureBuffer = textureByteBuffer.asFloatBuffer();
    textureBuffer.put(texture_coords);
    textureBuffer.position(0);
}

public void Draw_Polygon(int index, int program, float[] modelview_projection_matrix, float[] modelview_matrix)
{
    int aPositionHandle = glGetAttribLocation(program, Constants.A_POSITION);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(aPositionHandle);
    glVertexAttribPointer(aPositionHandle, Constants.POSITION_COMPONENT_COUNT, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, vertexBuffer);

    int aColorHandle = glGetAttribLocation(program, Constants.A_COLOR);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(aColorHandle);
    glVertexAttribPointer(aColorHandle, Constants.COLOR_COMPONENT_COUNT, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, colorBuffer);

    int aTextureCoordsHandle = glGetAttribLocation(program, Constants.A_TEXTURECOORDS);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(aTextureCoordsHandle);
    glVertexAttribPointer(aTextureCoordsHandle, Constants.TEXTURE_COORDS_COMPONENT_COUNT, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, textureBuffer);

    int uModelViewProjectionMatrixHandle = glGetUniformLocation(program, Constants.U_MVPMATRIX);
    glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelViewProjectionMatrixHandle, 1, false, modelview_projection_matrix, 0);

    int uModelViewMatrixHandle = glGetUniformLocation(program, Constants.U_MVMATRIX);
    glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelViewMatrixHandle, 1, false, modelview_matrix, 0);

    int uTextureUnit = glGetUniformLocation(program, Constants.U_TEXTURE_UNIT);
    glUniform1i(uTextureUnit, index);

    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);

    glDisableVertexAttribArray(aPositionHandle);
    glDisableVertexAttribArray(aColorHandle);
    glDisableVertexAttribArray(aTextureCoordsHandle);
}
}

Text.java:

import android.opengl.Matrix;

import static android.opengl.GLES20.*;

public class Text
{
public Quad[] poly = new Quad[1];
public String string;
public int char_width;
public int char_height;

void Draw()
{
    int texture_num = 0;
    int x_pos = 0;
    int y_pos = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++)
    {
        char character = string.charAt(i);

        switch(character)
        {
            case ' ':
            {
                texture_num = 0;
                break;
            }
            case 'a':
            {
                texture_num = 1;
                break;
            }
            case 'b':
            {
                texture_num = 2;
                break;
            }
            case 'c':
            {
                texture_num = 3;
                break;
            }
            case 'd':
            {
                texture_num = 4;
                break;
            }
            case 'e':
            {
                texture_num = 5;
                break;
            }
            case 'f':
            {
                texture_num = 6;
                break;
            }
            case 'g':
            {
                texture_num = 7;
                break;
            }
            case 'h':
            {
                texture_num = 8;
                break;
            }
            case 'i':
            {
                texture_num = 9;
                break;
            }
            case 'j':
            {
                texture_num = 10;
                break;
            }
            case 'k':
            {
                texture_num = 11;
                break;
            }
            case 'l':
            {
                texture_num = 12;
                break;
            }
            case 'm':
            {
                texture_num = 13;
                break;
            }
            case 'n':
            {
                texture_num = 14;
                break;
            }
            case 'o':
            {
                texture_num = 15;
                break;
            }
            case 'p':
            {
                texture_num = 16;
                break;
            }
            case 'q':
            {
                texture_num = 17;
                break;
            }
            case 'r':
            {
                texture_num = 18;
                break;
            }
            case 's':
            {
                texture_num = 19;
                break;
            }
            case 't':
            {
                texture_num = 20;
                break;
            }
            case 'u':
            {
                texture_num = 21;
                break;
            }
            case 'v':
            {
                texture_num = 22;
                break;
            }
            case 'w':
            {
                texture_num = 23;
                break;
            }
            case 'x':
            {
                texture_num = 24;
                break;
            }
            case 'y':
            {
                texture_num = 25;
                break;
            }
            case 'z':
            {
                texture_num = 26;
                break;
            }
        }

        Matrix.setIdentityM(OpenGL.model_matrix, 0);
        Matrix.translateM(OpenGL.model_matrix, 0, OpenGL.model_matrix, 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        Matrix.multiplyMM(OpenGL.matrix_ortho_projection_and_view, 0, OpenGL.matrix_ortho_projection, 0, OpenGL.model_matrix, 0);

        glUseProgram(Shader.textured_colored_shader_program);

        poly[0] = new Quad(x_pos + 0.0f, y_pos + 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
                x_pos + char_width, y_pos + 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
                x_pos + 0.0f, y_pos + char_height, 0.0f, 1.0f,
                x_pos + char_width, y_pos + char_height, 0.0f, 1.0f,
                1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
                0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

        poly[0].Draw_Polygon(texture_num, Shader.textured_colored_shader_program, OpenGL.matrix_ortho_projection_and_view, OpenGL.model_matrix);

        x_pos += char_width;

        if (x_pos >= Constants.SCREEN_WIDTH)
        {
            x_pos = 0;
            y_pos += char_height;
        }
    }
}
}

OpenGL.java:

import javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig;
import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10;

import android.content.Context;
import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView.Renderer;
import static android.opengl.GLES20.*;

import android.util.Log;
import android.opengl.Matrix;

public class OpenGL implements Renderer
{
public static Context context;

public static final float[] matrix_ortho_projection = new float[16];
public static float[] model_matrix = new float[16];
private final float[] matrix_view = new float[16];
public static final float[] matrix_ortho_projection_and_view = new float[16];
public int get_width, get_height;
public static boolean texture_loading_enabled = true;
Text text = new Text();

public OpenGL(Context context)
{
    this.context = context;
}

public static void Load_Textures()
{
    switch(State.game_state)
    {
        case State.LOGO:
        {
            Texture.Delete(Texture.texture, 0);

            glFlush();

            Texture.texture = new int[Constants.NUMBER_OF_TEXTURES];

            glGenTextures(Constants.NUMBER_OF_TEXTURES, Texture.texture, 0);

            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_space, 0);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_a, 1);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_b, 2);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_c, 3);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_d, 4);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_e, 5);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_f, 6);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_g, 7);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_h, 8);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_i, 9);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_j, 10);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_k, 11);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_l, 12);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_m, 13);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_n, 14);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_o, 15);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_p, 16);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_q, 17);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_r, 18);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_s, 19);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_t, 20);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_u, 21);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_v, 22);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_w, 23);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_x, 24);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_y, 25);
            Texture.Load(context, R.drawable.c64_z, 26);

            break;
        }

        case State.TITLE:
        {
            break;
        }

        case State.GAME:
        {
            break;
        }
    }

    texture_loading_enabled = false;
}

private void Controls()
{

    switch(State.game_state)
    {
        case State.LOGO:
        {
            break;
        }

        case State.TITLE:
        {
            break;
        }

        case State.GAME:
        {
            break;
        }
    }

}

@Override
public void onDrawFrame(GL10 glUnused)
{
    Controls();

    glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

    switch(State.game_state)
    {
        case State.LOGO:
        {
            text.Draw();
            break;
        }

        case State.TITLE:
        {
            break;
        }

        case State.GAME:
        {
            break;
        }
    }
}

@Override
public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 glUnused, int width, int height)
{
    // Set the OpenGL viewport to the same size as the surface.
    Log.d("TAG", "onSurfaceChanged()");

    get_width = width;
    get_height = height;

    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

    for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
    {
        matrix_ortho_projection[i] = 0.0f;
        matrix_view[i] = 0.0f;
        model_matrix[i] = 0.0f;
        matrix_ortho_projection_and_view[i] = 0.0f;
    }

    Matrix.orthoM(matrix_ortho_projection, 0, 0.0f, (float) get_width, (float) get_height, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
}

@Override
public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 glUnused, EGLConfig config)
{
    Log.d("TAG", "onSurfaceCreated()");

    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
    glBlendFunc(GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);

    Shader.Create_Texture_Colored_Shader(context);
    Shader.Create_Colored_Shader(context);

    text.char_width = 80;
    text.char_height = 80;
    text.string = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

    switch(State.game_state)
    {
        case State.LOGO:
        {
            if (texture_loading_enabled == true)
                Load_Textures();
            break;
        }

        case State.TITLE:
        {
            break;
        }

        case State.GAME:
        {
            break;
        }
    }
}
}

Shader.java:

import android.content.Context;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import static android.opengl.GLES20.*;

public class Shader
{
public static int textured_colored_shader_program;
public static int colored_shader_program;

public static String readTextFileFromRawResource(final Context context, final int resourceId)
{
    final InputStream inputStream = context.getResources().openRawResource(resourceId);
    final InputStreamReader inputStreamReader = new InputStreamReader(inputStream);
    final BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(inputStreamReader);

    String nextLine;
    final StringBuilder body = new StringBuilder();

    try
    {
        while ((nextLine = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
        {
            body.append(nextLine);
            body.append('\n');
        }
    }
    catch (IOException e)
    {
        return null;
    }

    return body.toString();
}

public static int loadShader(int type, String shaderCode)
{
    int shader = glCreateShader(type);
    glShaderSource(shader, shaderCode);
    glCompileShader(shader);
    return shader;
}

public static void Create_Texture_Colored_Shader(Context context)
{
    int vertexShader = loadShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, readTextFileFromRawResource(context, R.raw.vertex_shader));
    int fragmentShader = loadShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, readTextFileFromRawResource(context, R.raw.fragment_shader));
    textured_colored_shader_program = glCreateProgram();
    glAttachShader(textured_colored_shader_program, vertexShader);
    glAttachShader(textured_colored_shader_program, fragmentShader);
    glLinkProgram(textured_colored_shader_program);
}

public static void Create_Colored_Shader(Context context)
{
    int vertexShader = loadShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, readTextFileFromRawResource(context, R.raw.vertex_shader_no_texture));
    int fragmentShader = loadShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, readTextFileFromRawResource(context, R.raw.fragment_shader_no_texture));
    colored_shader_program = glCreateProgram();
    glAttachShader(colored_shader_program, vertexShader);
    glAttachShader(colored_shader_program, fragmentShader);
    glLinkProgram(colored_shader_program);
}
}

Answer 1

纹理总数对象通常没有限制。至少不在任何合理的范围内，理论上你会运行个 id 可以在某个时候用 GLuint 表示。但是你会运行在那之前很久就会内存不足。因此，唯一的实际限制通常由用于纹理数据的内存量给出。

然而，纹理单位的数量非常有限。快速查看您的代码，这就是您运行的目标。来自您的纹理加载代码：

glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + index);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[index]);

您要做的是保持所有纹理的绑定，为每个纹理使用不同的纹理单元。然后当你绘制时，你 select 着色器从哪个纹理单元采样：

glUniform1i(uTextureUnit, index);

这是一个完全有效的方法...直到您运行没有纹理单元。这正是发生的事情。

纹理单元的最大数量取决于实现，可以通过以下方式查询：

GLint maxUnits = 0;
glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxUnits);

此值的最小值是 8。因此，除非您检查该值并找到更多，否则您只能依赖 8 个纹理单元。

如果您需要 8 个以上的纹理，并希望您的代码运行可靠地跨设备，那么保持所有纹理绑定的有些非常规的方法将行不通。

最简单的方法是做大多数人做的事情：在绘制之前绑定要使用的纹理。为此，您始终可以使用纹理单元 0。因此您可以删除对 glActiveTexture() 的所有调用，只需在 Draw_Polygon() 方法中放置一个绑定调用，而不是 glUniform1i() 调用：

glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[index]);

Android OpenGL ES 2.0 只限于内存中的 16 个纹理？

Android OpenGL ES 2.0 Only Limited To 16 Textures In Memory?

java

android

opengl-es-2.0