发送 Python 函数作为 Boost.Function 参数

Sending Python function as Boost.Function argument

在我尝试将 Python 代码与我的 C++ 结合的世界中,事情变得越来越复杂。

本质上,我希望能够分配一个回调函数,以便在 HTTP 调用收到响应后使用,并且我希望能够从 C++ 或 Python.

换句话说,我希望能够从 C++ 中调用它:

http.get_asyc("www.google.ca", [&](int a) { std::cout << "response recieved: " << a << std::endl; });

这来自 Python:

def f(r):
    print str.format('response recieved: {}', r)

http.get_async('www.google.ca', f)

我已经设置了一个 demo on Coliru 来准确显示我要完成的任务。这是我得到的代码和错误:

C++

#include <boost/python.hpp>
#include <boost/function.hpp>

struct http_manager
{
    void get_async(std::string url, boost::function<void(int)> on_response)
    {
        if (on_response)
        {
            on_response(42);
        }
    }
} http;

BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
    boost::python::class_<http_manager>("HttpManager", boost::python::no_init)
        .def("get_async", &http_manager::get_async);

    boost::python::scope().attr("http") = boost::ref(http);
}

Python

import example
def f(r):
    print r
example.http.get_async('www.google.ca', f)

错误

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 4, in <module>
Boost.Python.ArgumentError: Python argument types in
    HttpManager.get_async(HttpManager, str, function)
did not match C++ signature:
    get_async(http_manager {lvalue}, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, boost::function<void (int)>)

我不确定为什么 function 没有自动转换为 boost::function

我之前在 SO 上问过 ,得到了一个惊人的答案。我还想知道给出的答案中的类似方法是否也可以应用于此用例。

非常感谢大家的支持!

一种解决方案是添加重载函数:

void get_async(std::string url, boost::python::object obj)
{
    if (PyCallable_Check(obj.ptr()))
        get_async(url, static_cast<boost::function<void(int)>>(obj));
}

然后公开这个特定的重载:

.def("get_async", static_cast<void (http_manager::*)(std::string, boost::python::object)>(&http_manager::get_async))

或者,如果您不想用 python 东西污染您的主要 class,那么您可以创建一个包装器 class。事情看起来也更干净了:

struct http_manager_wrapper : http_manager
{
    void get_async(std::string url, boost::python::object obj)
    {
        if (PyCallable_Check(obj.ptr()))
            http_manager::get_async(url, obj);
    }

} http_wrapper;

BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
    boost::python::class_<http_manager_wrapper>("HttpManager", boost::python::no_init)
        .def("get_async", &http_manager_wrapper::get_async);

    boost::python::scope().attr("http") = boost::ref(http_wrapper);
}

更新: 另一种选择是使用 python 可调用函数转换器。这将解决单例问题并且不需要更改主要 class.

struct http_manager
{
    void get_async(std::string url, boost::function<void(int)> on_response)
    {
        if (on_response)
        {
            on_response(42);
        }
    }
} http;

struct BoostFunc_from_Python_Callable
{
    BoostFunc_from_Python_Callable()
    {
        boost::python::converter::registry::push_back(&convertible, &construct, boost::python::type_id< boost::function< void(int) > >());
    }

    static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
    {
        if (!PyCallable_Check(obj_ptr)) 
            return 0;
        return obj_ptr;
    }

    static void construct(PyObject* obj_ptr, boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
    {
        boost::python::object callable(boost::python::handle<>(boost::python::borrowed(obj_ptr)));
        void* storage = ((boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_storage< boost::function< void(int) > >*) data)->storage.bytes;
        new (storage)boost::function< void(int) >(callable);
        data->convertible = storage;
    }
};

BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
    // Register function converter
    BoostFunc_from_Python_Callable();

    boost::python::class_<http_manager>("HttpManager", boost::python::no_init)
        .def("get_async", &http_manager::get_async);

    boost::python::scope().attr("http") = boost::ref(http);
}

当调用通过 Boost.Python 公开的函数时,Boost.Python 将查询其注册表以根据以下条件为每个调用者的参数找到合适的 from-Python 转换器所需的 C++ 类型。如果找到知道如何将 Python 对象转换为 C++ 对象的转换器,那么它将使用转换器来构造 C++ 对象。如果找不到合适的转换器,则 Boost.Python 将引发 ArgumentError 异常。

from-Python 转换器已注册:

  • 自动为 Boost.Python 支持的类型,例如 intstd::string
  • 隐式用于 boost::python::class<T> 公开的类型。默认情况下,生成的 Python class 将保存一个 T C++ 对象的嵌入式实例,并注册 to-Python 和 from-Python 转换器Python class 并键入 T,使用嵌入式实例。
  • 明确地通过boost::python::converter::registry::push_back()

测试可转换性和构造对象的步骤分为两个不同的步骤。由于没有为 boost::function<void(int)> 注册来自-Python 的转换器,Boost.Python 将引发 ArgumentError 异常。 Boost.Python 不会尝试构造 boost::function<void(int)> 对象,尽管 boost::function<void(int)> 可以从 boost::python::object.

构造

要解决此问题,请考虑使用垫片函数将 boost::function<void(int)> 的构造推迟到 boost::python::object 通过 Boost.Python 层之后:

void http_manager_get_async_aux(
  http_manager& self, std::string url, boost::python::object on_response)
{
  return self.get_async(url, on_response);
}

...

BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
  namespace python = boost::python;
  python::class_<http_manager>("HttpManager", python::no_init)
    .def("get_async", &http_manager_get_async_aux);

  ...
}

这里有一个完整的例子demonstrating这种方法:

#include <boost/python.hpp>
#include <boost/function.hpp>

struct http_manager
{
  void get_async(std::string url, boost::function<void(int)> on_response)
  {
    if (on_response)
    {
      on_response(42);
    }
  }
} http;

void http_manager_get_async_aux(
  http_manager& self, std::string url, boost::python::object on_response)
{
  return self.get_async(url, on_response);
}

BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
  namespace python = boost::python;
  python::class_<http_manager>("HttpManager", python::no_init)
    .def("get_async", &http_manager_get_async_aux);

  python::scope().attr("http") = boost::ref(http);
}

交互使用:

>>> import example
>>> result = 0
>>> def f(r):
...     global result
...     result = r
...
>>> assert(result == 0)
>>> example.http.get_async('www.google.com', f)
>>> assert(result == 42)
>>> try:
...     example.http.get_async('www.google.com', 42)
...     assert(False)
... except TypeError:
...    pass
...

另一种方法是为 boost::function<void(int)> 显式注册一个来自-Python 的转换器。这样做的好处是,通过 Boost.Python 公开的 all 函数可以使用转换器(例如,不需要为每个函数编写垫片)。但是,需要为每个 C++ 类型注册一个转换。这是一个 demonstrating 显式为 boost::function<void(int)>boost::function<void(std::string)> 注册自定义转换器的示例:

#include <boost/python.hpp>
#include <boost/function.hpp>

struct http_manager
{
  void get_async(std::string url, boost::function<void(int)> on_response)
  {
    if (on_response)
    {
      on_response(42);
    }
  }
} http;

/// @brief Type that allows for registration of conversions from
///        python iterable types.
struct function_converter
{
  /// @note Registers converter from a python callable type to the
  ///       provided type.
  template <typename FunctionSig>
  function_converter&
  from_python()
  {
    boost::python::converter::registry::push_back(
      &function_converter::convertible,
      &function_converter::construct<FunctionSig>,
      boost::python::type_id<boost::function<FunctionSig>>());

    // Support chaining.
    return *this;
  }

  /// @brief Check if PyObject is callable.
  static void* convertible(PyObject* object)
  {
    return PyCallable_Check(object) ? object : NULL;
  }

  /// @brief Convert callable PyObject to a C++ boost::function.
  template <typename FunctionSig>
  static void construct(
    PyObject* object,
    boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
  {
    namespace python = boost::python;
    // Object is a borrowed reference, so create a handle indicting it is
    // borrowed for proper reference counting.
    python::handle<> handle(python::borrowed(object));

    // Obtain a handle to the memory block that the converter has allocated
    // for the C++ type.
    typedef boost::function<FunctionSig> functor_type;
    typedef python::converter::rvalue_from_python_storage<functor_type>
                                                                storage_type;
    void* storage = reinterpret_cast<storage_type*>(data)->storage.bytes;

    // Allocate the C++ type into the converter's memory block, and assign
    // its handle to the converter's convertible variable.
    new (storage) functor_type(python::object(handle));
    data->convertible = storage;
  }
};

BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
  namespace python = boost::python;
  python::class_<http_manager>("HttpManager", python::no_init)
    .def("get_async", &http_manager::get_async);

  python::scope().attr("http") = boost::ref(http);

  // Enable conversions for boost::function.
  function_converter()
    .from_python<void(int)>()
    // Chaining is supported, so the following would enable
    // another conversion.
    .from_python<void(std::string)>()
    ;
}