为什么我需要通过指向其基础 class 的指针来引用继承 class 的对象?

Why do I need to refer an object of an inherited class through a pointer to its base class?

为什么我需要通过指向其基址 class 的指针来引用继承 class 的对象,而我知道对函数的调用是继承 [=] 独有的21=],会不会产生编译时错误?

为什么要多态?

编辑:

这里有一小段代码作为例子:

enum Suit { Spade, Heart, Club, Diamond };
enum Val { Ace=1, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Jack, Queen, King };

class Card {
private:
    Val val;
    Suit suit;
public:
    Card(Val val, Suit suit) : val(val), suit(suit) {
        cout << "Card constructor called" << endl;
    }
    int get_val() { return val; }
    Suit get_suit() { return suit; }
};

class BlackJackCard : public Card {
public:
    int garbage;
    BlackJackCard(Val val, Suit suit) : Card(val, suit), garbage(9) {}
    int get_val() {
        Val tmpVal = (Val)Card::get_val();
        if(tmpVal == 1) return 11;
        if(tmpVal < 10) return tmpVal;
        return 10;
    }
    int exclusive_to_BJC() {
        cout << "I do nothing!! and the garbage value my object holds is " << garbage << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Card *newCard = new BlackJackCard(King,Spade);
    cout << newCard->get_val() << endl;     // 13
    cout << newCard->get_suit() << endl;    // 0

/*Why should I use a base class referencing if I can't access all the*/
/*members of the object I have constructed(except for the virtual functions).*/
//  cout << newCard->exclusive_to_BJC() << endl;
//  cout << newCard->garbage << endl;

    BlackJackCard *new_bjCard = new BlackJackCard(King,Spade);
    cout << new_bjCard->get_val() << endl;  // 10
    cout << new_bjCard->get_suit() << endl; // 0
    cout << new_bjCard->exclusive_to_BJC() << endl;
}

主要是因为这个原因(遵循link):low coupling.

如果你说指针,我懂C++,所以你也可以看看这个explained example

你不需要,你可以。事实上,绝大多数时候,最好利用这种可能性,以获得更好的代码。考虑:

class Vehicle
{
};

class Car : public Vehicle
{
};

int f(Vehicle *)
{
   // code written here will be able to work on any type of vehicle.
}

OOP 允许您以所有车辆都以相同方式对待的方式编写 f(),从 f() 的角度来看。事实上,Car 可以为 Vehicle 的功能提供专门的功能,甚至不需要 f() 知道。