使用 type() 定义 class 对象:为什么我不能使用要深度复制的属性的名称?
Defining a class object with type() : Why can't I use the name of an attribute meant to be deepcopied?
出于某些原因,我不得不使用 type()
函数在 Django 中创建一个表单 class。
我的函数生成器 (makeFurnitureForm()
) 的 return 语句如下所示:
return (type("FurnitureForm",
(forms.BaseForm, form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm,),
{"_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields,
"_fieldset_collection" : None, '_row_attrs' : {}}))
我创建的 class 对象继承自另外两个 classes。
这是其中之一的构造函数:form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self._fieldsets = deepcopy(self.base_fieldsets)
self._row_attrs = deepcopy(self.base_row_attrs)
self._fieldset_collection = None
super(BetterBaseForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
我的代码一切正常,但在以前的版本中,我使用了这样的代码:
return (type("FurnitureForm",
(forms.BaseForm, form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm,),
{"base_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields}))
由于 _fieldsets
和 _fieldset_collection
是通过深度复制 base_fieldsets
属性并分配 None
值在 BetterBaseForm
构造函数中明确定义和设置的,所以我没有不明白为什么我在尝试访问实例的 _fieldsets
和 _fieldset_collection
属性时得到 AttributeError
s(例如在呈现我的 django 页面时)。
这是我的问题:
难道type()
不调用基本的classes`构造函数,这些构造函数不正确定义和设置属性吗?
为什么我必须自己明确设置这些属性?
为什么构造函数尝试时我没有得到 AttributeError
在 type()
期间访问属性(例如 row_attrs
)
称呼? (虽然我稍后尝试访问它时得到了一个)。
我在我的 django 视图中这样使用我的 makeFurnitureForm()
:
return (render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : (makeFurnitureForm())()}))
class对象直接传递给视图,然后传递给模板进行渲染。
编辑:回溯和代码。
示例 return :
return (type("FurnitureForm",
(forms.BaseForm, form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm,),
{"base_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields,
"_fieldset_collection" : None, '_row_attrs' : {}}))
我还发现我直接将一个 class 对象传递给 render() 函数,我不明白为什么它甚至可以工作,因为它需要一个实例。我在 render()
调用中更正了它。
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/forms/forms.py" in __getitem__
141. field = self.fields[name]
During handling of the above exception ('fieldsets'), another exception occurred:
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _resolve_lookup
883. current = current[bit]
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/forms/forms.py" in __getitem__
144. "Key %r not found in '%s'" % (name, self.__class__.__name__))
During handling of the above exception ("Key 'fieldsets' not found in 'FurnitureForm'"), another exception occurred:
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in get_response
149. response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in get_response
147. response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Code/web/demenhouse/htdocs/main/views.py" in secondform
69. return (render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : makeFurnitureForm()}))
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/shortcuts.py" in render
67. template_name, context, request=request, using=using)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in render_to_string
97. return template.render(context, request)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/backends/django.py" in render
95. return self.template.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
206. return self._render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _render
197. return self.nodelist.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
992. bit = node.render_annotated(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render_annotated
959. return self.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/loader_tags.py" in render
173. return compiled_parent._render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _render
197. return self.nodelist.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
992. bit = node.render_annotated(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render_annotated
959. return self.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/loader_tags.py" in render
69. result = block.nodelist.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
992. bit = node.render_annotated(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render_annotated
959. return self.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/defaulttags.py" in render
161. values = self.sequence.resolve(context, True)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in resolve
709. obj = self.var.resolve(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in resolve
850. value = self._resolve_lookup(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _resolve_lookup
891. current = getattr(current, bit)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/form_utils/forms.py" in fieldsets
253. self, self._fieldsets)
Exception Type: AttributeError at /devisbis/1679091c5a880faf6fb5e6087eb1b2dc/
Exception Value: 'FurnitureForm' object has no attribute '_fieldsets'
Doesn't type()
calls base classes` constructors, and don't these constructors define and set attributes properly?
您正在查看 初始化程序 ,而不是构造函数,因此得名 __init__
。创建实例时会自动调用这些。 type()
不调用这些,因为您不是在生成实例,而是在生成 class.
一旦调用生成的 class 来创建实例,然后 将调用 __init__
方法。
Why did I have to explicitly set these attributes by myself?
我不知道,您没有显示您是如何创建实例的,也没有显示任何其他显示错误的代码。如果您期望这些属性存在于 class,那么您的假设是错误的。
Why didn't I got an AttributeError
when the constructor tries to access an attribute (row_attrs for instance) during the type() call? (I got one when trying to access it later though).
同样,type()
产生了一个新的class,不是一个实例,此时__init__
没有被调用。
如果 __init__
方法会将这些属性添加到您的 实例中,则您不需要将这些属性添加到您的 class 命名空间中 命名空间。
我必须注意 forms.BaseForm.__init__
method 不是 旨在与稍后在 MRO 中出现的其他 classes 合作;它从不调用 super().__init__()
。如果您确实创建了新 class 的实例,form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm.__init__()
方法将 不会被调用 ,除非您要交换两个基数 [=] 的顺序85=]es:
return type(
"FurnitureForm", (form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm, forms.BaseForm,),
{"base_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields})
这是因为首先列出 BetterBaseForm
,它将调用 __init__
,然后该方法中的 super(BetterBaseForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
行将调用 BaseForm.__init__()
。
阅读您的回溯,我确实注意到您从未创建实例。您应该始终创建表单 class 的实例,并可选择传入 request.POST
以预填充字段并验证表单输入。
所以代替:
return (render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : makeFurnitureForm()}))
使用
return render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : makeFurnitureForm()()})
注意额外的 ()
。但是,您可能想在某个时候检查表单是否 有效 ,因此您可以使用:
form_class = makeFurnitureForm()
if request.method == 'POST':
form = form_class(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
# ...
# process data, redirect somewhere
return HttpResponseRedirect('/thanks/')
else:
form = form_class()
return render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : form})
出于某些原因,我不得不使用 type()
函数在 Django 中创建一个表单 class。
我的函数生成器 (makeFurnitureForm()
) 的 return 语句如下所示:
return (type("FurnitureForm",
(forms.BaseForm, form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm,),
{"_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields,
"_fieldset_collection" : None, '_row_attrs' : {}}))
我创建的 class 对象继承自另外两个 classes。 这是其中之一的构造函数:form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self._fieldsets = deepcopy(self.base_fieldsets)
self._row_attrs = deepcopy(self.base_row_attrs)
self._fieldset_collection = None
super(BetterBaseForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
我的代码一切正常,但在以前的版本中,我使用了这样的代码:
return (type("FurnitureForm",
(forms.BaseForm, form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm,),
{"base_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields}))
由于 _fieldsets
和 _fieldset_collection
是通过深度复制 base_fieldsets
属性并分配 None
值在 BetterBaseForm
构造函数中明确定义和设置的,所以我没有不明白为什么我在尝试访问实例的 _fieldsets
和 _fieldset_collection
属性时得到 AttributeError
s(例如在呈现我的 django 页面时)。
这是我的问题:
难道
type()
不调用基本的classes`构造函数,这些构造函数不正确定义和设置属性吗?为什么我必须自己明确设置这些属性?
为什么构造函数尝试时我没有得到
AttributeError
在type()
期间访问属性(例如row_attrs
) 称呼? (虽然我稍后尝试访问它时得到了一个)。
我在我的 django 视图中这样使用我的 makeFurnitureForm()
:
return (render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : (makeFurnitureForm())()}))
class对象直接传递给视图,然后传递给模板进行渲染。
编辑:回溯和代码。
示例 return :
return (type("FurnitureForm",
(forms.BaseForm, form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm,),
{"base_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields,
"_fieldset_collection" : None, '_row_attrs' : {}}))
我还发现我直接将一个 class 对象传递给 render() 函数,我不明白为什么它甚至可以工作,因为它需要一个实例。我在 render()
调用中更正了它。
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/forms/forms.py" in __getitem__
141. field = self.fields[name]
During handling of the above exception ('fieldsets'), another exception occurred:
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _resolve_lookup
883. current = current[bit]
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/forms/forms.py" in __getitem__
144. "Key %r not found in '%s'" % (name, self.__class__.__name__))
During handling of the above exception ("Key 'fieldsets' not found in 'FurnitureForm'"), another exception occurred:
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in get_response
149. response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in get_response
147. response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Code/web/demenhouse/htdocs/main/views.py" in secondform
69. return (render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : makeFurnitureForm()}))
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/shortcuts.py" in render
67. template_name, context, request=request, using=using)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in render_to_string
97. return template.render(context, request)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/backends/django.py" in render
95. return self.template.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
206. return self._render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _render
197. return self.nodelist.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
992. bit = node.render_annotated(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render_annotated
959. return self.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/loader_tags.py" in render
173. return compiled_parent._render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _render
197. return self.nodelist.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
992. bit = node.render_annotated(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render_annotated
959. return self.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/loader_tags.py" in render
69. result = block.nodelist.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render
992. bit = node.render_annotated(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in render_annotated
959. return self.render(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/defaulttags.py" in render
161. values = self.sequence.resolve(context, True)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in resolve
709. obj = self.var.resolve(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in resolve
850. value = self._resolve_lookup(context)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/django/template/base.py" in _resolve_lookup
891. current = getattr(current, bit)
File "/nfs/2013/v/vmonteco/Envs/demenhouse/lib/python3.5/site-packages/form_utils/forms.py" in fieldsets
253. self, self._fieldsets)
Exception Type: AttributeError at /devisbis/1679091c5a880faf6fb5e6087eb1b2dc/
Exception Value: 'FurnitureForm' object has no attribute '_fieldsets'
Doesn't
type()
calls base classes` constructors, and don't these constructors define and set attributes properly?您正在查看 初始化程序 ,而不是构造函数,因此得名
__init__
。创建实例时会自动调用这些。type()
不调用这些,因为您不是在生成实例,而是在生成 class.一旦调用生成的 class 来创建实例,然后 将调用
__init__
方法。Why did I have to explicitly set these attributes by myself?
我不知道,您没有显示您是如何创建实例的,也没有显示任何其他显示错误的代码。如果您期望这些属性存在于 class,那么您的假设是错误的。
Why didn't I got an
AttributeError
when the constructor tries to access an attribute (row_attrs for instance) during the type() call? (I got one when trying to access it later though).同样,
type()
产生了一个新的class,不是一个实例,此时__init__
没有被调用。
如果 __init__
方法会将这些属性添加到您的 实例中,则您不需要将这些属性添加到您的 class 命名空间中 命名空间。
我必须注意 forms.BaseForm.__init__
method 不是 旨在与稍后在 MRO 中出现的其他 classes 合作;它从不调用 super().__init__()
。如果您确实创建了新 class 的实例,form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm.__init__()
方法将 不会被调用 ,除非您要交换两个基数 [=] 的顺序85=]es:
return type(
"FurnitureForm", (form_utils.forms.BetterBaseForm, forms.BaseForm,),
{"base_fieldsets" : dic, "base_fields" : fields})
这是因为首先列出 BetterBaseForm
,它将调用 __init__
,然后该方法中的 super(BetterBaseForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
行将调用 BaseForm.__init__()
。
阅读您的回溯,我确实注意到您从未创建实例。您应该始终创建表单 class 的实例,并可选择传入 request.POST
以预填充字段并验证表单输入。
所以代替:
return (render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : makeFurnitureForm()}))
使用
return render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : makeFurnitureForm()()})
注意额外的 ()
。但是,您可能想在某个时候检查表单是否 有效 ,因此您可以使用:
form_class = makeFurnitureForm()
if request.method == 'POST':
form = form_class(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
# ...
# process data, redirect somewhere
return HttpResponseRedirect('/thanks/')
else:
form = form_class()
return render(request,'main/devis-bis.html', {"form" : form})