Python:接受三个参数的部分

Python: partial that takes three arguments

我正在尝试通过阅读本书 Data Science from Scratch by Joel Grus 来学习 Python,在第 94 页上,他们描述了如何使用以下代码[=16] 来逼近 f = x^2 的导数=]

def difference_quotient(f, x, h):
    return (f(x + h) - f(x)) / h

def square(x):
    return x * x

def derivative(x):
    return 2 * x

derivative_estimate = partial(difference_quotient, square, h=0.00001)

# plot to show they're basically the same
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = range(-10,10)
plt.title("Actual Derivatives vs. Estimates")
plt.plot(x, map(derivative, x), 'rx', label='Actual')
plt.plot(x, map(derivative_estimate, x), 'b+', label='Estimate')
plt.legend(loc=9)
plt.show()

一切正常,但是当我将行 derivative_estimate = partial(difference_quotient, square, h=0.00001) 更改为 derivative_estimate = partial(difference_quotient, f=square, h=0.00001) 时(因为我认为这样更容易阅读),然后出现以下错误

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "page_93.py", line 37, in <module>
    plt.plot(x, map(derivative_estimate, x), 'b+', label='Estimate')
TypeError: difference_quotient() got multiple values for keyword argument 'f'

这是怎么回事?

在这个话题中得到了解答和完美解释:

  • functools.partial wants to use a positional argument as a keyword argument

在您的情况下,这意味着您应该将 x 作为 关键字参数传递 :

plt.plot(x, [derivative_estimate(x=item) for item in x], 'b+', label='Estimate')