无法在 Visual Studio 2012 中针对 .NET 3.5 并使用 Windows7.1SDK 工具集编译的 C# 项目中使用来自 CLI class 库的 CLR 类型
Unable to use a CLR type from CLI class library in a C# project in Visual Studio 2012 targeting .NET 3.5 and compiling with Windows7.1SDK toolset
我有一个带有 C++/CLI Class 库项目的 VS2012 解决方案，目标是 .NET 3.5 并使用 Windows7.1SDK 作为平台工具集，根据 MSDN 是在不安装相应版本的工具集（即 Visual Studio 2008）的情况下以以前版本的框架为目标的正确方法：
You can use the Windows7.1SDK platform toolset to target the .NET
Framework 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, and 4, and the x86, Itanium, and x64
platforms.
CLI/C++ 项目启用了公共语言运行时支持 (/clr)。
我想在 C# 中使用 C++ 项目中声明的 class，因此我创建了一个面向 .NET 3.5 的 C# 项目并添加了对 CLI 项目的引用。但是，在构建使用 C++ 项目中声明的类型的 C# 时，我得到：找不到类型或名称空间名称 'Class1'（是否缺少 using 指令或程序集引用？ )
奇怪的是 IDE 似乎能够找到类型（绿色）并且 IntelliSense 显示了该类型可用的方法。
解决方案结构
Solution Test1
|
| ClassLibrary1 (C++)
| Class1.h
| Class1.cpp
|
| Test1 (C#)
| TestClass1.cs
ClassLibrary1.h
public ref class Class1
{
public:
Class1(unsigned short int initValue);
~Class1(void);
void Init(unsigned short int init);
void Input(unsigned char data);
unsigned short int Getalue(void);
private:
unsigned short int _value;
};
TestClass1.cs
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var t = new Class1(0xFFFF); //also tried with global::Class1, no cigar
}
更奇怪的是，VS 将对 C++/CLI 项目的引用识别为目标 v4.0.30319。
它还会发出类似
的警告
Warning 5 The primary reference "D:\Test1\Debug\ClassLibrary1.dll"
could not be resolved because it has an indirect dependency on the
.NET Framework assembly "System.Xml, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral,
PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" which has a higher version "4.0.0.0"
than the version "2.0.0.0" in the current target framework. Test1
我不知道它从哪里得到这与 .NET 4 有任何关系的想法。我在 Debug 文件夹中找到了 ClassLibrary1.dll.metagen，这是我唯一能想到的地方获取这些对程序集 v4 的引用：
ImageRuntimeVersion: v4.0.30319
Assembly ClassLibrary1, Version=1.0.*, Culture=Invariant Language (Invariant Country):
hash=SHA1, flags=PublicKey
Assembly mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System.Xml, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly Microsoft.VisualC, Version=8.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly mscorlib, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly Microsoft.VisualC, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a:
hash=None, flags=None
Class Class1: AutoLayout, AnsiClass, Class, Public, BeforeFieldInit
Void .ctor(UInt16): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig, SpecialName, RTSpecialName
Interfaces:
System.IDisposable
Methods:
Init(UInt16): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig
Input(Byte): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig
GetValue(): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig
Dispose(): PrivateScope, Public, Final, Virtual, HideBySig
我试过编辑文件但没有成功。我也尝试在 C++ 项目中将工具集切换到 Visual Studio 2012 (v110) 但没有成功。任何帮助将不胜感激。
似乎有人已经在 VS 论坛网站上解决了 exact same issue，但最终放弃了尝试解决它。
相关问题：
How to build with v90 platform toolset in VS2012 without VS2008, using Windows SDK?
ClassLibrary1.vcxproj
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project DefaultTargets="Build" ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<ItemGroup Label="ProjectConfigurations">
<ProjectConfiguration Include="Debug|Win32">
<Configuration>Debug</Configuration>
<Platform>Win32</Platform>
</ProjectConfiguration>
<ProjectConfiguration Include="Release|Win32">
<Configuration>Release</Configuration>
<Platform>Win32</Platform>
</ProjectConfiguration>
</ItemGroup>
<PropertyGroup Label="Globals">
<ProjectGuid>{B2C66274-DF38-473F-B759-C7E2E7A1E8A3}</ProjectGuid>
<TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
<Keyword>ManagedCProj</Keyword>
<RootNamespace>ClassLibrary1</RootNamespace>
</PropertyGroup>
<Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.Default.props" />
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'" Label="Configuration">
<ConfigurationType>DynamicLibrary</ConfigurationType>
<UseDebugLibraries>true</UseDebugLibraries>
<PlatformToolset>Windows7.1SDK</PlatformToolset>
<CLRSupport>true</CLRSupport>
<CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'" Label="Configuration">
<ConfigurationType>DynamicLibrary</ConfigurationType>
<UseDebugLibraries>false</UseDebugLibraries>
<PlatformToolset>Windows7.1SDK</PlatformToolset>
<CLRSupport>true</CLRSupport>
<CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
</PropertyGroup>
<Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.props" />
<ImportGroup Label="ExtensionSettings">
</ImportGroup>
<ImportGroup Label="PropertySheets" Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
<Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
</ImportGroup>
<ImportGroup Label="PropertySheets" Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
<Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
</ImportGroup>
<PropertyGroup Label="UserMacros" />
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
<LinkIncremental>true</LinkIncremental>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
<LinkIncremental>false</LinkIncremental>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
<ClCompile>
<WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
<Optimization>Disabled</Optimization>
<PreprocessorDefinitions>WIN32;_DEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
<PrecompiledHeader>Use</PrecompiledHeader>
</ClCompile>
<Link>
<GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
<AdditionalDependencies />
</Link>
</ItemDefinitionGroup>
<ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
<ClCompile>
<WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
<PreprocessorDefinitions>WIN32;NDEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
<PrecompiledHeader>Use</PrecompiledHeader>
</ClCompile>
<Link>
<GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
<AdditionalDependencies />
</Link>
</ItemDefinitionGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ClInclude Include="Class1.h" />
<ClInclude Include="resource.h" />
<ClInclude Include="Stdafx.h" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ClCompile Include="AssemblyInfo.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="Class1.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="Stdafx.cpp">
<PrecompiledHeader Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">Create</PrecompiledHeader>
<PrecompiledHeader Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Create</PrecompiledHeader>
</ClCompile>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Text Include="ReadMe.txt" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ResourceCompile Include="app.rc" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Image Include="app.ico" />
</ItemGroup>
<Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
<ImportGroup Label="ExtensionTargets">
</ImportGroup>
</Project>
Test1.csproj
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props" Condition="Exists('$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props')" />
<PropertyGroup>
<Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
<Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
<ProjectGuid>{160BE075-BAF3-48CE-8CB3-E607D5F91A50}</ProjectGuid>
<OutputType>Library</OutputType>
<AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
<RootNamespace>Test1</RootNamespace>
<AssemblyName>Test1</AssemblyName>
<TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
<FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug|AnyCPU' ">
<DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
<DebugType>full</DebugType>
<Optimize>false</Optimize>
<OutputPath>bin\Debug\</OutputPath>
<DefineConstants>DEBUG;TRACE</DefineConstants>
<ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
<WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
<PlatformTarget>x86</PlatformTarget>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release|AnyCPU' ">
<DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
<Optimize>true</Optimize>
<OutputPath>bin\Release\</OutputPath>
<DefineConstants>TRACE</DefineConstants>
<ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
<WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Reference Include="System" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Compile Include="TestClass1.cs" />
<Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ProjectReference Include="..\ClassLibrary1\ClassLibrary1.vcxproj">
<Project>{b2c66274-df38-473f-b759-c7e2e7a1e8a3}</Project>
<Name>ClassLibrary1</Name>
</ProjectReference>
</ItemGroup>
<Import Project="$(MSBuildToolsPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" />
<!-- To modify your build process, add your task inside one of the targets below and uncomment it.
Other similar extension points exist, see Microsoft.Common.targets.
<Target Name="BeforeBuild">
</Target>
<Target Name="AfterBuild">
</Target>
-->
</Project>
因此，在 this answer (it's no longer available on the VS website) and installing it, I found that it's also not possible to build against 3.5 with VS2010; you need to have 2008 installed! This was an absolute nightmare, but the workaround in this answer 中找到 link 到 VS2010 Express 后，我终于可以在 VS2012 上构建目标 .NET 3.5。
<rant>从实现它的耗时来判断（即便如此，有变通方法），我们只能得出结论，如果开发人员不这样做，微软显然就赚不到钱了以最新最好的为目标。为什么您要将工具版本与框架紧密结合在一起，这超出了我的理解。</rant>
我有一个带有 C++/CLI Class 库项目的 VS2012 解决方案，目标是 .NET 3.5 并使用 Windows7.1SDK 作为平台工具集，根据 MSDN 是在不安装相应版本的工具集（即 Visual Studio 2008）的情况下以以前版本的框架为目标的正确方法：
You can use the Windows7.1SDK platform toolset to target the .NET Framework 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, and 4, and the x86, Itanium, and x64 platforms.
CLI/C++ 项目启用了公共语言运行时支持 (/clr)。
我想在 C# 中使用 C++ 项目中声明的 class，因此我创建了一个面向 .NET 3.5 的 C# 项目并添加了对 CLI 项目的引用。但是，在构建使用 C++ 项目中声明的类型的 C# 时，我得到：找不到类型或名称空间名称 'Class1'（是否缺少 using 指令或程序集引用？ )
奇怪的是 IDE 似乎能够找到类型（绿色）并且 IntelliSense 显示了该类型可用的方法。
解决方案结构
Solution Test1
|
| ClassLibrary1 (C++)
| Class1.h
| Class1.cpp
|
| Test1 (C#)
| TestClass1.cs
ClassLibrary1.h
public ref class Class1
{
public:
Class1(unsigned short int initValue);
~Class1(void);
void Init(unsigned short int init);
void Input(unsigned char data);
unsigned short int Getalue(void);
private:
unsigned short int _value;
};
TestClass1.cs
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var t = new Class1(0xFFFF); //also tried with global::Class1, no cigar
}
更奇怪的是，VS 将对 C++/CLI 项目的引用识别为目标 v4.0.30319。
它还会发出类似
的警告Warning 5 The primary reference "D:\Test1\Debug\ClassLibrary1.dll" could not be resolved because it has an indirect dependency on the .NET Framework assembly "System.Xml, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" which has a higher version "4.0.0.0" than the version "2.0.0.0" in the current target framework. Test1
我不知道它从哪里得到这与 .NET 4 有任何关系的想法。我在 Debug 文件夹中找到了 ClassLibrary1.dll.metagen，这是我唯一能想到的地方获取这些对程序集 v4 的引用：
ImageRuntimeVersion: v4.0.30319
Assembly ClassLibrary1, Version=1.0.*, Culture=Invariant Language (Invariant Country):
hash=SHA1, flags=PublicKey
Assembly mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System.Xml, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly Microsoft.VisualC, Version=8.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly mscorlib, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089:
hash=None, flags=None
Assembly Microsoft.VisualC, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a:
hash=None, flags=None
Class Class1: AutoLayout, AnsiClass, Class, Public, BeforeFieldInit
Void .ctor(UInt16): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig, SpecialName, RTSpecialName
Interfaces:
System.IDisposable
Methods:
Init(UInt16): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig
Input(Byte): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig
GetValue(): PrivateScope, Public, HideBySig
Dispose(): PrivateScope, Public, Final, Virtual, HideBySig
我试过编辑文件但没有成功。我也尝试在 C++ 项目中将工具集切换到 Visual Studio 2012 (v110) 但没有成功。任何帮助将不胜感激。
似乎有人已经在 VS 论坛网站上解决了 exact same issue，但最终放弃了尝试解决它。
相关问题：
How to build with v90 platform toolset in VS2012 without VS2008, using Windows SDK?
ClassLibrary1.vcxproj
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project DefaultTargets="Build" ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<ItemGroup Label="ProjectConfigurations">
<ProjectConfiguration Include="Debug|Win32">
<Configuration>Debug</Configuration>
<Platform>Win32</Platform>
</ProjectConfiguration>
<ProjectConfiguration Include="Release|Win32">
<Configuration>Release</Configuration>
<Platform>Win32</Platform>
</ProjectConfiguration>
</ItemGroup>
<PropertyGroup Label="Globals">
<ProjectGuid>{B2C66274-DF38-473F-B759-C7E2E7A1E8A3}</ProjectGuid>
<TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
<Keyword>ManagedCProj</Keyword>
<RootNamespace>ClassLibrary1</RootNamespace>
</PropertyGroup>
<Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.Default.props" />
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'" Label="Configuration">
<ConfigurationType>DynamicLibrary</ConfigurationType>
<UseDebugLibraries>true</UseDebugLibraries>
<PlatformToolset>Windows7.1SDK</PlatformToolset>
<CLRSupport>true</CLRSupport>
<CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'" Label="Configuration">
<ConfigurationType>DynamicLibrary</ConfigurationType>
<UseDebugLibraries>false</UseDebugLibraries>
<PlatformToolset>Windows7.1SDK</PlatformToolset>
<CLRSupport>true</CLRSupport>
<CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
</PropertyGroup>
<Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.props" />
<ImportGroup Label="ExtensionSettings">
</ImportGroup>
<ImportGroup Label="PropertySheets" Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
<Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
</ImportGroup>
<ImportGroup Label="PropertySheets" Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
<Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
</ImportGroup>
<PropertyGroup Label="UserMacros" />
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
<LinkIncremental>true</LinkIncremental>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
<LinkIncremental>false</LinkIncremental>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
<ClCompile>
<WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
<Optimization>Disabled</Optimization>
<PreprocessorDefinitions>WIN32;_DEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
<PrecompiledHeader>Use</PrecompiledHeader>
</ClCompile>
<Link>
<GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
<AdditionalDependencies />
</Link>
</ItemDefinitionGroup>
<ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
<ClCompile>
<WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
<PreprocessorDefinitions>WIN32;NDEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
<PrecompiledHeader>Use</PrecompiledHeader>
</ClCompile>
<Link>
<GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
<AdditionalDependencies />
</Link>
</ItemDefinitionGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ClInclude Include="Class1.h" />
<ClInclude Include="resource.h" />
<ClInclude Include="Stdafx.h" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ClCompile Include="AssemblyInfo.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="Class1.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="Stdafx.cpp">
<PrecompiledHeader Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">Create</PrecompiledHeader>
<PrecompiledHeader Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Create</PrecompiledHeader>
</ClCompile>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Text Include="ReadMe.txt" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ResourceCompile Include="app.rc" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Image Include="app.ico" />
</ItemGroup>
<Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
<ImportGroup Label="ExtensionTargets">
</ImportGroup>
</Project>
Test1.csproj
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props" Condition="Exists('$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props')" />
<PropertyGroup>
<Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
<Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
<ProjectGuid>{160BE075-BAF3-48CE-8CB3-E607D5F91A50}</ProjectGuid>
<OutputType>Library</OutputType>
<AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
<RootNamespace>Test1</RootNamespace>
<AssemblyName>Test1</AssemblyName>
<TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
<FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug|AnyCPU' ">
<DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
<DebugType>full</DebugType>
<Optimize>false</Optimize>
<OutputPath>bin\Debug\</OutputPath>
<DefineConstants>DEBUG;TRACE</DefineConstants>
<ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
<WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
<PlatformTarget>x86</PlatformTarget>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release|AnyCPU' ">
<DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
<Optimize>true</Optimize>
<OutputPath>bin\Release\</OutputPath>
<DefineConstants>TRACE</DefineConstants>
<ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
<WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Reference Include="System" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Compile Include="TestClass1.cs" />
<Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ProjectReference Include="..\ClassLibrary1\ClassLibrary1.vcxproj">
<Project>{b2c66274-df38-473f-b759-c7e2e7a1e8a3}</Project>
<Name>ClassLibrary1</Name>
</ProjectReference>
</ItemGroup>
<Import Project="$(MSBuildToolsPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" />
<!-- To modify your build process, add your task inside one of the targets below and uncomment it.
Other similar extension points exist, see Microsoft.Common.targets.
<Target Name="BeforeBuild">
</Target>
<Target Name="AfterBuild">
</Target>
-->
</Project>
因此，在 this answer (it's no longer available on the VS website) and installing it, I found that it's also not possible to build against 3.5 with VS2010; you need to have 2008 installed! This was an absolute nightmare, but the workaround in this answer 中找到 link 到 VS2010 Express 后，我终于可以在 VS2012 上构建目标 .NET 3.5。
<rant>从实现它的耗时来判断（即便如此，有变通方法），我们只能得出结论，如果开发人员不这样做，微软显然就赚不到钱了以最新最好的为目标。为什么您要将工具版本与框架紧密结合在一起，这超出了我的理解。</rant>