Word foldl' 没有像 Int foldl' 那样优化

Word foldl' isn't optimized as well as Int foldl'

import Data.List

test :: Int -> Int
test n = foldl' (+) 0 [1..n]

main :: IO ()
main = do
  print $ test $ 10^8

GHC 优化了上面的代码,垃圾收集器甚至不需要做任何事情:

$ ghc -rtsopts -O2 testInt && ./testInt +RTS -s
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( testInt.hs, testInt.o )
Linking testInt ...
5000000050000000
          51,752 bytes allocated in the heap
           3,480 bytes copied during GC
          44,384 bytes maximum residency (1 sample(s))
          17,056 bytes maximum slop
               1 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)

                                     Tot time (elapsed)  Avg pause  Max pause
  Gen  0         0 colls,     0 par    0.000s   0.000s     0.0000s    0.0000s
  Gen  1         1 colls,     0 par    0.000s   0.000s     0.0001s    0.0001s

  INIT    time    0.000s  (  0.000s elapsed)
  MUT     time    0.101s  (  0.101s elapsed)
  GC      time    0.000s  (  0.000s elapsed)
  EXIT    time    0.000s  (  0.000s elapsed)
  Total   time    0.103s  (  0.102s elapsed)

  %GC     time       0.1%  (0.1% elapsed)

  Alloc rate    511,162 bytes per MUT second

  Productivity  99.8% of total user, 100.9% of total elapsed

但是,如果我将 test 的类型更改为 test :: Word -> Word,则会产生大量垃圾并且代码运行速度会慢 40 倍。

ghc -rtsopts -O2 testWord && ./testWord +RTS -s
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( testWord.hs, testWord.o )
Linking testWord ...
5000000050000000
  11,200,051,784 bytes allocated in the heap
       1,055,520 bytes copied during GC
          44,384 bytes maximum residency (2 sample(s))
          21,152 bytes maximum slop
               1 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)

                                     Tot time (elapsed)  Avg pause  Max pause
  Gen  0     21700 colls,     0 par    0.077s   0.073s     0.0000s    0.0000s
  Gen  1         2 colls,     0 par    0.000s   0.000s     0.0001s    0.0001s

  INIT    time    0.000s  (  0.000s elapsed)
  MUT     time    4.551s  (  4.556s elapsed)
  GC      time    0.077s  (  0.073s elapsed)
  EXIT    time    0.000s  (  0.000s elapsed)
  Total   time    4.630s  (  4.630s elapsed)

  %GC     time       1.7%  (1.6% elapsed)

  Alloc rate    2,460,957,186 bytes per MUT second

  Productivity  98.3% of total user, 98.3% of total elapsed

为什么会这样?我希望性能几乎相同? (我在 x86_64 GNU/Linux 上使用 GHC 8.0.1 版)

编辑:我提交了一个错误:https://ghc.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/12354#ticket

这可能主要是由于 Int 而不是 Word 存在的重写规则,但并非完全如此。我这么说是因为如果我们在 Int 情况下使用 -fno-enable-rewrite-rules,我们得到的时间更接近 Word 情况,但没有那么糟糕。

% ghc -O2 so.hs -fforce-recomp -fno-enable-rewrite-rules && time ./so
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( so.hs, so.o )
Linking so ...
5000000050000000
./so  1.45s user 0.03s system 99% cpu 1.489 total

如果我们使用 -ddump-rule-rewrites 转储重写规则并比较这些规则,那么我们会看到在 Int 情况下触发的规则,而不是 Word 情况下的规则:

 Rule: fold/build
 Before: GHC.Base.foldr
 ...

该特定规则位于 Base 4.9 GHC.Base 第 823 行(N.B。我实际上自己使用的是 GHC 7.10)并且没有明确提及 Int。我很好奇为什么 Word 没有触发,但现在没有时间进一步调查。

正如 dfeuer 在此处的评论中指出的那样,IntEnum 实例优于 Word:

的实例

Int:

instance  Enum Int  where
    {-# INLINE enumFromTo #-}
    enumFromTo (I# x) (I# y) = eftInt x y

{-# RULES
"eftInt"        [~1] forall x y. eftInt x y = build (\ c n -> eftIntFB c n x y)
"eftIntList"    [1] eftIntFB  (:) [] = eftInt
 #-}
{- Note [How the Enum rules work]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Phase 2: eftInt ---> build . eftIntFB
* Phase 1: inline build; eftIntFB (:) --> eftInt
* Phase 0: optionally inline eftInt
-}

{-# NOINLINE [1] eftInt #-}
eftInt :: Int# -> Int# -> [Int]
-- [x1..x2]
eftInt x0 y | isTrue# (x0 ># y) = []
            | otherwise         = go x0
               where
                 go x = I# x : if isTrue# (x ==# y)
                               then []
                               else go (x +# 1#)

{-# INLINE [0] eftIntFB #-}
eftIntFB :: (Int -> r -> r) -> r -> Int# -> Int# -> r
eftIntFB c n x0 y | isTrue# (x0 ># y) = n
                  | otherwise         = go x0
                 where
                   go x = I# x `c` if isTrue# (x ==# y)
                                   then n
                                   else go (x +# 1#)
                        -- Watch out for y=maxBound; hence ==, not >
        -- Be very careful not to have more than one "c"
        -- so that when eftInfFB is inlined we can inline
        -- whatever is bound to "c"

现在 Word 实际上使用 Integer

的实现
enumFromTo n1 n2       = map integerToWordX [wordToIntegerX n1 .. wordToIntegerX n2]

其中使用

instance  Enum Integer  where
    enumFromTo x lim       = enumDeltaToInteger x 1     lim

现在 enumDeltaToInteger 已经设置了重写规则,但事实证明 WordenumFromTo 从来没有内联,所以这个设置在这里没有机会融合。

将此函数复制到我的测试代码中会导致 GHC 内联它,触发 fold/build 规则,并严重减少分配,但是从 IntegerInteger 的转换(确实分配)仍然存在。