为什么优化器计划与实验性查询运行不相关?

Why optimizer plan doesn't correlate with experimental query runs?

假设我们有以下问题:


让我们考虑下面的三个解决方案(平均执行时间和优化器计划)。

我必须补充一点,实验表明:

我们看到对于解决方案 2 优化器计划给出与实验结果无关的期望, 甚至与他们相反:

And in this experiments the presence or absence of gathered statistics for the table doesn't affect optimizer plans and execution times.


请解释为什么我不能相信情况 2 中的优化程序计划。

是什么导致优化器忽略线性和指数复杂度之间的明显差异?


解决方案:
1.

DELETE xtable WHERE rowid IN (
      SELECT ri from (
         SELECT rowid                                             AS ri,
                row_number() OVER(PARTITION BY x ORDER BY null) AS rn
           FROM xtable
      )
      WHERE rn > 1
)


Exe time: 14 - 16 secs

Plan:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                | Name     | Rows    | Bytes    | Cost | Time     |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | DELETE STATEMENT         |          | 1000000 | 15000000 | 5119 | 00:00:01 |
|   1 |   DELETE                 | XTABLE   |         |          |      |          |
| * 2 |    HASH JOIN SEMI        |          | 1000000 | 15000000 | 5119 | 00:00:01 |
|   3 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL    | XTABLE   | 1000000 |  3000000 |  280 | 00:00:01 |
|   4 |     VIEW                 | VW_NSO_1 | 1000000 | 12000000 | 2976 | 00:00:01 |
| * 5 |      VIEW                |          | 1000000 | 25000000 | 2976 | 00:00:01 |
|   6 |       WINDOW SORT        |          | 1000000 |  3000000 | 2976 | 00:00:01 |
|   7 |        TABLE ACCESS FULL | XTABLE   | 1000000 |  3000000 |  280 | 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 2 - access(ROWID="RI")
* 5 - filter("RN">1)

2.

DELETE xtable WHERE (x, rowid) NOT IN (SELECT x, min(rowid) FROM xtable GROUP BY x)

Exe time: 15 - 17 secs

Plan:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation                 | Name   | Rows    | Bytes   | Cost      | Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|  0 | DELETE STATEMENT          |        |   50000 |  150000 | 278162850 | 03:01:06 |
|  1 |   DELETE                  | XTABLE |         |         |           |          |
|  2 |    FILTER                 |        |         |         |           |          |
|  3 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL     | XTABLE | 1000000 | 3000000 |       281 | 00:00:01 |
|  4 |     FILTER                |        |         |         |           |          |
|  5 |      SORT GROUP BY NOSORT |        | 1000000 | 3000000 |       280 | 00:00:01 |
|  6 |       TABLE ACCESS FULL   | XTABLE | 1000000 | 3000000 |       280 | 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 5 - access(INTERNAL_FUNCTION("X")=INTERNAL_FUNCTION("X") AND INTERNAL_FUNCTION(ROWID)=INTERNAL_FUNCTION("MIN(ROWID)"))
* 5 - filter(INTERNAL_FUNCTION(ROWID)=INTERNAL_FUNCTION("MIN(ROWID)") AND INTERNAL_FUNCTION("X")=INTERNAL_FUNCTION("X"))

3.

DELETE xtable a WHERE EXISTS(select 1 FROM xtable b WHERE a.x = b.x AND a.rowid < b.rowid)

Exe time: 970 - 990 sec

Plan:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                        | Name   | Rows    | Bytes   | Cost      | Time     |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | DELETE STATEMENT                 |        |   50000 |  300000 | 278208956 | 03:01:08 |
|   1 |   DELETE                         | XTABLE |         |         |           |          |
| * 2 |    FILTER                        |        |         |         |           |          |
|   3 |     NESTED LOOPS SEMI            |        |   50000 |  300000 | 278208956 | 03:01:08 |
|   4 |      TABLE ACCESS FULL           | XTABLE | 1000000 | 3000000 |       280 | 00:00:01 |
| * 5 |      TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID RANGE | XTABLE |   50000 |  150000 |       278 | 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
------------------------------------------
* 2 - filter(:VAR2=:VAR1)
* 5 - access("B".ROWID>"A".ROWID)

计划于 Oracle 12.1.0.2.0

获得

无法重现第二个计划。来了:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                                       
| Id  | Operation              | Name     | Rows  | Bytes |TempSpc| Cost (%CPU)| Time     |                                       
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                                       
|   0 | DELETE STATEMENT       |          |       |       |       |  3648 (100)|          |                                       
|   1 |  DELETE                | XTABLE   |       |       |       |            |          |                                       
|   2 |   MERGE JOIN ANTI NA   |          |   999K|    26M|       |  3648   (5)| 00:00:01 |                                       
|   3 |    SORT JOIN           |          |  1000K|  2929K|    22M|  3147   (3)| 00:00:01 |                                       
|   4 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL  | XTABLE   |  1000K|  2929K|       |   434   (3)| 00:00:01 |                                       
|*  5 |    SORT UNIQUE         |          |   100 |  2500 |       |   500  (16)| 00:00:01 |                                       
|   6 |     VIEW               | VW_NSO_1 |   100 |  2500 |       |   499  (16)| 00:00:01 |                                       
|   7 |      SORT GROUP BY     |          |   100 |   300 |       |   499  (16)| 00:00:01 |                                       
|   8 |       TABLE ACCESS FULL| XTABLE   |  1000K|  2929K|       |   434   (3)| 00:00:01 |                                       
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------        

Please, explain why I can't trust the optimizer plan in case 2.

你永远不应该相信优化器。 CBO是95%正确,但你不知道哪5%是错误的。

典型问题是使用EXPLAIN PLAN显示的执行计划与执行使用的计划不一致。 (你不说你是怎么拿到plan的)

长期使用 DBMS_SQLTUNE.REPORT_SQL_MONITOR 有疑问 运行 查询实际计划和有问题的部分。

What causes the optimizer to ignore the obvious difference between linear and exponential complexity?

看到上面忘记了计划的成本比较。在处理 整个 table 时要避免的是 NESTED LOOP 处理。 这正是情况 3 中发生的情况。

 |  3 |     NESTED LOOPS SEMI            |       |   50000|  300000 | 278208956 | 03:01:08|
 |  4 |      TABLE ACCESS FULL           |XTABLE | 1000000| 3000000 |       280 | 00:00:01|
 |  5 |      TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID RANGE |XTABLE |   50000|  150000 |       278 | 00:00:01|

您想查看 SORT 和 HASH JOIN 这是计划 1 显示的内容。

在我看来,计划 2 不会随重复记录的数量变化(简单地尝试 table 每行两次,看看你是否得到与案例 3) 相同的经过时间。 优化器无法估计重复记录的数量,因此防御性地估计了很多,因此成本也很高。

最后但有一点 - 理论说你不应该观察到 线性行为 但最多 O(n * log(n)).

最后一句话 - 您的测试数据对于删除重复项来说是不现实的。通常你有一个大的 table 和少量的重复。在您的设置中,除 100 条以外的所有记录都是重复的。

删除的成本主导了查找重复项的成本,因此您观察到线性行为。

试试

CREATE TABLE xtable(x) AS 
   SELECT ceil(dbms_random.value * 100000000) 
     FROM dual
   CONNECT BY level <= 1000000;

select count(*) total, count(*)- count(distinct x) to_be_deleted from xtable;
     TOTAL TO_BE_DELETED
---------- -------------
   1000000          5083  

因此您将删除 0.5% 的记录。现在缩放,你会观察到完全不同的模式。