* 之后的 add() 参数必须是一个序列，而不是设置
add() argument after * must be a sequence, not Settings
我正在尝试制作一款游戏，它可以使用箭头键左右移动船只，并在按下空格键时发射子弹。当我按下空格键时，我的游戏崩溃并显示此错误：
回溯（最近调用最后）：
TypeError: add() argument after * must be a sequence, not Settings
这是我的代码：
class Settings():
"""A class to store all settings for Alien Invasion."""
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize the game's settings."""
# Screen settings
self.screen_width = 800
self.screen_height = 480
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
# Ship settings
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
# Bullet settings
self.bullet_speed_factor = 1
self.bullet_width = 3
self.bullet_height = 15
self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Bullet(Sprite):
"""A class to manage bullets fired from the ship"""
def _init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):
"""Create a bullet object at the ship's current position."""
super(Bullet, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
# Create a bullet rect at (0, 0) and then set correct position.
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width, ai_settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
self.rect.top = ship.rect.top
# Store the bullet's position as a decimal value.
self.y = float(self.rect.y)
self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
def update(self):
"""Move the bullet up the screen"""
# Update the decimal position of the bullet.
self.y -= self.speed_factor
# Update the rect position.
self.rect.y = self.y
def draw_bullet(self):
"""Draw the bullet to the screen."""
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""Respond to keypresses."""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
# Create a new bullet and add it to the bullets group.
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
"""Respind to key releases."""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""Respond to keypresses and mouse events."""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event, ship)
最后是主文件：
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Group
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
import game_functions as gf
def run_game():
# Initialize pygame, settings, and screen object.
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(
(ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# Make a ship.
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
# Make a group to store bullets in.
bullets = Group()
# Start the main loop for the game.
while True:
# Watch the keyboard and mouse events.
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
bullets.update()
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
run_game()
痕迹：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\alien_invasion.py", line 30, in <module>
run_game()
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\alien_invasion.py", line 25, in run_game
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\game_functions.py", line 33, in check_events
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\game_functions.py", line 15, in check_keydown_events
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
File "C:\Users\martin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pygame\sprite.py", line 124, in __init__
self.add(*groups)
File "C:\Users\martin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pygame\sprite.py", line 142, in add
self.add(*group)
TypeError: add() argument after * must be a sequence, not Settings
您的 Bullet.__init__ 方法中缺少下划线 _。您目前有 _init__，而它应该是 __init__。
这导致 Python 以 ai_settings 作为第一个参数调用 Sprite.__init__ 方法，因为它找不到 Bullet 的任何重写 __init__。这会导致问题。
是的，Jokab 是对的，您忘记了额外的下划线。但是，为了以后的练习，学习阅读 Python TrackBack 很重要。它通常可以让您很好地了解问题出在哪里。例如，以您在此处粘贴的 TrackBack 为例。 Python 首先告诉你它有一个问题 运行ning run_game()。所以 python 然后说 在 你的游戏 运行ning 函数中调用方法 gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets) 有问题。然后它查看了你对 bullet class new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship 的初始化，发现它有问题。在下一行是它给出了 TypeError。现在，虽然您可以确切地弄清楚 python 对 TypeError 的看法，但这是一个可行的选择。但仅通过查看它，您就可以确定将项目符号对象添加到 sprite 组时出现问题。这意味着如果我是你，我会在 Bullet class 中开始搜索。果然你的 __init__ 函数中有错别字。
虽然如果你不学习如何阅读 python TrackBack 的书并不是世界末日，但在漫长的 运行.
我正在尝试制作一款游戏，它可以使用箭头键左右移动船只，并在按下空格键时发射子弹。当我按下空格键时，我的游戏崩溃并显示此错误： 回溯（最近调用最后）：
TypeError: add() argument after * must be a sequence, not Settings
这是我的代码：
class Settings():
"""A class to store all settings for Alien Invasion."""
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize the game's settings."""
# Screen settings
self.screen_width = 800
self.screen_height = 480
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
# Ship settings
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
# Bullet settings
self.bullet_speed_factor = 1
self.bullet_width = 3
self.bullet_height = 15
self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Bullet(Sprite):
"""A class to manage bullets fired from the ship"""
def _init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):
"""Create a bullet object at the ship's current position."""
super(Bullet, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
# Create a bullet rect at (0, 0) and then set correct position.
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width, ai_settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
self.rect.top = ship.rect.top
# Store the bullet's position as a decimal value.
self.y = float(self.rect.y)
self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
def update(self):
"""Move the bullet up the screen"""
# Update the decimal position of the bullet.
self.y -= self.speed_factor
# Update the rect position.
self.rect.y = self.y
def draw_bullet(self):
"""Draw the bullet to the screen."""
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""Respond to keypresses."""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
# Create a new bullet and add it to the bullets group.
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
"""Respind to key releases."""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""Respond to keypresses and mouse events."""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event, ship)
最后是主文件：
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Group
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
import game_functions as gf
def run_game():
# Initialize pygame, settings, and screen object.
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(
(ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# Make a ship.
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
# Make a group to store bullets in.
bullets = Group()
# Start the main loop for the game.
while True:
# Watch the keyboard and mouse events.
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
bullets.update()
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
run_game()
痕迹：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\alien_invasion.py", line 30, in <module>
run_game()
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\alien_invasion.py", line 25, in run_game
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\game_functions.py", line 33, in check_events
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
File "C:\Users\martin\Desktop\python_work\alien_invasion\game_functions.py", line 15, in check_keydown_events
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
File "C:\Users\martin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pygame\sprite.py", line 124, in __init__
self.add(*groups)
File "C:\Users\martin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pygame\sprite.py", line 142, in add
self.add(*group)
TypeError: add() argument after * must be a sequence, not Settings
您的 Bullet.__init__ 方法中缺少下划线 _。您目前有 _init__，而它应该是 __init__。
这导致 Python 以 ai_settings 作为第一个参数调用 Sprite.__init__ 方法，因为它找不到 Bullet 的任何重写 __init__。这会导致问题。
是的，Jokab 是对的，您忘记了额外的下划线。但是，为了以后的练习，学习阅读 Python TrackBack 很重要。它通常可以让您很好地了解问题出在哪里。例如，以您在此处粘贴的 TrackBack 为例。 Python 首先告诉你它有一个问题 运行ning run_game()。所以 python 然后说 在 你的游戏 运行ning 函数中调用方法 gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets) 有问题。然后它查看了你对 bullet class new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship 的初始化，发现它有问题。在下一行是它给出了 TypeError。现在，虽然您可以确切地弄清楚 python 对 TypeError 的看法，但这是一个可行的选择。但仅通过查看它，您就可以确定将项目符号对象添加到 sprite 组时出现问题。这意味着如果我是你，我会在 Bullet class 中开始搜索。果然你的 __init__ 函数中有错别字。
虽然如果你不学习如何阅读 python TrackBack 的书并不是世界末日，但在漫长的 运行.