class 属性查找规则?

class attribute lookup rule?

>>> class D:
...     __class__ = 1
...     __name__ = 2
...
>>> D.__class__
<class 'type'>
>>> D().__class__
1
>>> D.__name__
'D'
>>> D().__name__
2

为什么D.__class__return是class的名称,而D().__class__return是[=]中定义的属性41=]D?

__class____name__ 等内置属性从何而来?

我怀疑 __name____class__ 是存在于 object class 或其他地方的简单描述符,但这看不到。

据我理解,Python中的属性查找规则如下,省略描述符等条件..:

Instance --> Class --> Class.__bases__ and the bases of the other classes as well

鉴于 class 是 metaclass 的一个实例,type 在这种情况下,为什么 D.__class__ 不查找 __class__D.__dict__?

名字__class____name__很特别。两者都是 数据描述符 __name__ 是在 type 对象上定义的,__class__ 是在 object 上定义的(所有新式 classes 的基础-class) :

>>> type.__dict__['__name__']
<attribute '__name__' of 'type' objects>
>>> type.__dict__['__name__'].__get__
<method-wrapper '__get__' of getset_descriptor object at 0x1059ea870>
>>> type.__dict__['__name__'].__set__
<method-wrapper '__set__' of getset_descriptor object at 0x1059ea870>
>>> object.__dict__['__class__']
<attribute '__class__' of 'object' objects>
>>> object.__dict__['__class__'].__get__
<method-wrapper '__get__' of getset_descriptor object at 0x1059ea2d0>
>>> object.__dict__['__class__'].__set__
<method-wrapper '__set__' of getset_descriptor object at 0x1059ea2d0>

因为它们是数据描述符,type.__getattribute__ method(用于 class 上的属性访问)将忽略 class __dict__ 中设置的任何属性并且只使用描述符本身:

>>> type.__getattribute__(Foo, '__class__')
<class 'type'>
>>> type.__getattribute__(Foo, '__name__')
'Foo'

有趣的事实:type 派生自 objectPython 中的所有东西 都是一个对象)这就是为什么 __class__在检查数据描述符时在 type 上找到:

>>> type.__mro__
(<class 'type'>, <class 'object'>)

(type.__getattribute__(D, ...)直接作为unbound方法使用,不是D.__getattribute__(),因为all special method access goes to the type).

查看 Descriptor Howto 什么是数据描述符及其重要性:

If an object defines both __get__() and __set__(), it is considered a data descriptor. Descriptors that only define __get__() are called non-data descriptors (they are typically used for methods but other uses are possible).

Data and non-data descriptors differ in how overrides are calculated with respect to entries in an instance’s dictionary. If an instance’s dictionary has an entry with the same name as a data descriptor, the data descriptor takes precedence. If an instance’s dictionary has an entry with the same name as a non-data descriptor, the dictionary entry takes precedence.

对于 type 上的数据描述符,class 只是另一个实例。

因此,在查找 __class____name__ 属性时,D.__dict__ 命名空间中定义的内容无关紧要,因为在命名空间由 type 组成,它是 MRO。

这些描述符定义在 typeobject.c C code:

static PyGetSetDef type_getsets[] = {
    {"__name__", (getter)type_name, (setter)type_set_name, NULL},
    /* ... several more ... */
}

/* ... */

PyTypeObject PyType_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "type",                                     /* tp_name */
    /* ... many type definition entries ... */
    type_getsets,                               /* tp_getset */
    /* ... many type definition entries ... */
}

/* ... */

static PyGetSetDef object_getsets[] = {
    {"__class__", object_get_class, object_set_class,
     PyDoc_STR("the object's class")},
    {0}
};

PyTypeObject PyBaseObject_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "object",                                   /* tp_name */
    /* ... many type definition entries ... */
    object_getsets,                             /* tp_getset */
    /* ... many type definition entries ... */
}

在实例中,使用 object.__getattribute__,它会在 D.__dict__ 映射中找到 __name____class__ 条目,然后再找到数据描述符在 objecttype.

但是,如果您省略其中任何一个,那么在 D() 上查找名称将仅 __class__ 作为 D 的 MRO 中的数据描述符(因此,在 object). __name__ 未找到,因为解析实例属性时未考虑元类型。

因此您可以在实例上设置 __name__,但不能设置 __class__:

>>> class E: pass
...
>>> e = E()
>>> e.__class__
<class '__main__.E'>
>>> e.__name__
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'E' object has no attribute '__name__'
>>> e.__dict__['__class__'] = 'ignored'
>>> e.__class__
<class '__main__.E'>
>>> e.__name__ = 'this just works'
>>> e.__name__
'this just works'