为什么 shared_ptr<void> 合法,而 unique_ptr<void> 合法 ill-formed?
Why is shared_ptr<void> legal, while unique_ptr<void> is ill-formed?
这个问题确实符合标题:我很想知道造成这种差异的技术原因是什么,还有基本原理?
std::shared_ptr<void> sharedToVoid; // legal;
std::unique_ptr<void> uniqueToVoid; // ill-formed;
因为std::shared_ptr
实现了类型擦除,而std::unique_ptr
没有。
由于std::shared_ptr
实现了类型擦除,它还支持另一个有趣的属性,即。它不需要删除器的类型作为class模板的模板类型参数。看看他们的声明:
template<class T,class Deleter = std::default_delete<T> >
class unique_ptr;
具有 Deleter
作为类型参数,而
template<class T>
class shared_ptr;
没有。
那么,为什么 shared_ptr
实现类型擦除?
嗯,它这样做了,因为它必须支持引用计数,并且为了支持它,它必须从堆中分配内存,因为它 必须 分配内存,它更进一步并实现了类型擦除——这也需要堆分配。 所以基本上就是投机取巧!
由于类型擦除,std::shared_ptr
能够支持两件事:
- 它可以将任何类型的对象存储为
void*
,但它仍然能够通过正确地调用它们来正确地删除销毁对象析构函数.
- 删除器的类型不会作为类型参数传递给 class 模板,这意味着在不影响类型安全的情况下 有一点自由 .
好的。这就是 std::shared_ptr
的工作原理。
现在的问题是,std::unique_ptr
可以将对象存储为void*
吗?好吧,答案是 yes — 前提是您传递一个合适的删除器作为参数。这是一个这样的演示:
int main()
{
auto deleter = [](void const * data ) {
int const * p = static_cast<int const*>(data);
std::cout << *p << " located at " << p << " is being deleted";
delete p;
};
std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(deleter)> p(new int(959), deleter);
} //p will be deleted here, both p ;-)
输出(online demo):
959 located at 0x18aec20 is being deleted
你在评论中提出了一个非常有趣的问题:
In my case I will need a type erasing deleter, but it seems possible as well (at the cost of some heap allocation). Basically, does this mean there is actually a niche spot for a 3rd type of smart pointer: an exclusive ownership smart pointer with type erasure.
@Steve Jessop 向其提出了以下解决方案,
I've never actually tried this, but maybe you could achieve that by using an appropriate std::function
as the deleter type with unique_ptr
? Supposing that actually works then you're done, exclusive ownership and a type-erased deleter.
按照这个建议,我实现了这个(虽然它没有使用 std::function
,因为它似乎没有必要):
using unique_void_ptr = std::unique_ptr<void, void(*)(void const*)>;
template<typename T>
auto unique_void(T * ptr) -> unique_void_ptr
{
return unique_void_ptr(ptr, [](void const * data) {
T const * p = static_cast<T const*>(data);
std::cout << "{" << *p << "} located at [" << p << "] is being deleted.\n";
delete p;
});
}
int main()
{
auto p1 = unique_void(new int(959));
auto p2 = unique_void(new double(595.5));
auto p3 = unique_void(new std::string("Hello World"));
}
输出(online demo):
{Hello World} located at [0x2364c60] is being deleted.
{595.5} located at [0x2364c40] is being deleted.
{959} located at [0x2364c20] is being deleted.
希望对您有所帮助。
理由之一是 shared_ptr
的众多用例之一 - 即作为生命周期指示器或哨兵。
原始的 boost 文档中提到了这一点:
auto register_callback(std::function<void()> closure, std::shared_ptr<void> pv)
{
auto closure_target = { closure, std::weak_ptr<void>(pv) };
...
// store the target somewhere, and later....
}
void call_closure(closure_target target)
{
// test whether target of the closure still exists
auto lock = target.sentinel.lock();
if (lock) {
// if so, call the closure
target.closure();
}
}
其中 closure_target
是这样的:
struct closure_target {
std::function<void()> closure;
std::weak_ptr<void> sentinel;
};
调用者会像这样注册一个回调:
struct active_object : std::enable_shared_from_this<active_object>
{
void start() {
event_emitter_.register_callback([this] { this->on_callback(); },
shared_from_this());
}
void on_callback()
{
// this is only ever called if we still exist
}
};
因为 shared_ptr<X>
总是可以转换为 shared_ptr<void>
,event_emitter 现在可以幸福地不知道它回调到的对象类型。
这种安排释放了事件发射器的订阅者处理交叉情况的义务(如果回调在队列中,等待在 active_object 消失时被采取行动怎么办?),也意味着有不需要同步退订。 weak_ptr<void>::lock
是一个同步操作。
这个问题确实符合标题:我很想知道造成这种差异的技术原因是什么,还有基本原理?
std::shared_ptr<void> sharedToVoid; // legal;
std::unique_ptr<void> uniqueToVoid; // ill-formed;
因为std::shared_ptr
实现了类型擦除,而std::unique_ptr
没有。
由于std::shared_ptr
实现了类型擦除,它还支持另一个有趣的属性,即。它不需要删除器的类型作为class模板的模板类型参数。看看他们的声明:
template<class T,class Deleter = std::default_delete<T> >
class unique_ptr;
具有 Deleter
作为类型参数,而
template<class T>
class shared_ptr;
没有。
那么,为什么 shared_ptr
实现类型擦除?
嗯,它这样做了,因为它必须支持引用计数,并且为了支持它,它必须从堆中分配内存,因为它 必须 分配内存,它更进一步并实现了类型擦除——这也需要堆分配。 所以基本上就是投机取巧!
由于类型擦除,std::shared_ptr
能够支持两件事:
- 它可以将任何类型的对象存储为
void*
,但它仍然能够通过正确地调用它们来正确地删除销毁对象析构函数. - 删除器的类型不会作为类型参数传递给 class 模板,这意味着在不影响类型安全的情况下 有一点自由 .
好的。这就是 std::shared_ptr
的工作原理。
现在的问题是,std::unique_ptr
可以将对象存储为void*
吗?好吧,答案是 yes — 前提是您传递一个合适的删除器作为参数。这是一个这样的演示:
int main()
{
auto deleter = [](void const * data ) {
int const * p = static_cast<int const*>(data);
std::cout << *p << " located at " << p << " is being deleted";
delete p;
};
std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(deleter)> p(new int(959), deleter);
} //p will be deleted here, both p ;-)
输出(online demo):
959 located at 0x18aec20 is being deleted
你在评论中提出了一个非常有趣的问题:
In my case I will need a type erasing deleter, but it seems possible as well (at the cost of some heap allocation). Basically, does this mean there is actually a niche spot for a 3rd type of smart pointer: an exclusive ownership smart pointer with type erasure.
@Steve Jessop 向其提出了以下解决方案,
I've never actually tried this, but maybe you could achieve that by using an appropriate
std::function
as the deleter type withunique_ptr
? Supposing that actually works then you're done, exclusive ownership and a type-erased deleter.
按照这个建议,我实现了这个(虽然它没有使用 std::function
,因为它似乎没有必要):
using unique_void_ptr = std::unique_ptr<void, void(*)(void const*)>;
template<typename T>
auto unique_void(T * ptr) -> unique_void_ptr
{
return unique_void_ptr(ptr, [](void const * data) {
T const * p = static_cast<T const*>(data);
std::cout << "{" << *p << "} located at [" << p << "] is being deleted.\n";
delete p;
});
}
int main()
{
auto p1 = unique_void(new int(959));
auto p2 = unique_void(new double(595.5));
auto p3 = unique_void(new std::string("Hello World"));
}
输出(online demo):
{Hello World} located at [0x2364c60] is being deleted.
{595.5} located at [0x2364c40] is being deleted.
{959} located at [0x2364c20] is being deleted.
希望对您有所帮助。
理由之一是 shared_ptr
的众多用例之一 - 即作为生命周期指示器或哨兵。
原始的 boost 文档中提到了这一点:
auto register_callback(std::function<void()> closure, std::shared_ptr<void> pv)
{
auto closure_target = { closure, std::weak_ptr<void>(pv) };
...
// store the target somewhere, and later....
}
void call_closure(closure_target target)
{
// test whether target of the closure still exists
auto lock = target.sentinel.lock();
if (lock) {
// if so, call the closure
target.closure();
}
}
其中 closure_target
是这样的:
struct closure_target {
std::function<void()> closure;
std::weak_ptr<void> sentinel;
};
调用者会像这样注册一个回调:
struct active_object : std::enable_shared_from_this<active_object>
{
void start() {
event_emitter_.register_callback([this] { this->on_callback(); },
shared_from_this());
}
void on_callback()
{
// this is only ever called if we still exist
}
};
因为 shared_ptr<X>
总是可以转换为 shared_ptr<void>
,event_emitter 现在可以幸福地不知道它回调到的对象类型。
这种安排释放了事件发射器的订阅者处理交叉情况的义务(如果回调在队列中,等待在 active_object 消失时被采取行动怎么办?),也意味着有不需要同步退订。 weak_ptr<void>::lock
是一个同步操作。