Devise 和 STI 的多种用户类型 - 密码更改问题
Multiple User Types with Devise and STI - Password Change Issue
我正在使用 ruby 2.3.1 和 rails 5 构建应用程序，用户身份验证是 Devise 4。
这个项目，我的导师想要一个具有 User、AdminUser ClientUser 和 SupportUser 类型的应用程序，他不允许使用 DeviseInvitable，这个应用程序永远不会在生产中使用。
我的工作流程，目前如下，当用户（创建任何类型）生成并发送密码（这有效）时，用户在确认帐户并登录后被强制更改密码（这适用于用户但不适用于 AdminUser SupportUser 和 ClientUser）
这是全部设置的方式：
#application_controller.rb
# Force User To Change Password On First Login
def after_sign_in_path_for(resource)
if current_user.pw_changed == "false"
edit_passwords_path
else
authenticated_root_path
end
end
passwords_controller.rb
class PasswordsController < ApplicationController
def edit
@user = current_user
end
def update
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
end
private
def user_params
params.require(:user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
end
#views
_form.html.erb
edit.html.erb
# routes.rb
# Force Password Change Routes and Resources
resource :passwords
resources :users, :type => 'User'
resources :admin_users, :type => 'AdminUser'
resources :client_users, :type => 'ClientUser'
resources :support_users, :type => 'SupportUser'
我的模特：
class User < ApplicationRecord - This also acts as custom show and user index
end
class AdminUser < User
end
class ClientUser < User
end
class SupportUser < User
end
当我尝试在首次登录时更新 AdminUsers 密码时，这是我得到的错误和服务器输出：
服务器输出
Started PATCH "/passwords" for ::1 at 2016-09-26 14:59:28 -0600
Processing by PasswordsController#update as HTML
Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"yEO6cUTLv8x2MU9lf1+bOYrpWTie17wE0TsIDEilbJzMWKSWmlQHC8mC3Bb9bkP3L3OhooY+wuwolFDO6fzxlg==", "admin_user"=>{"current_password"=>"[FILTERED]", "password"=>"[FILTERED]", "password_confirmation"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Update Admin user"}
User Load (0.9ms) SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT [["id", 5], ["LIMIT", 1]]
Completed 400 Bad Request in 3ms (ActiveRecord: 0.9ms)
ActionController::ParameterMissing - param is missing or the value is empty: user:
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb:308:in `require'
app/controllers/passwords_controller.rb:19:in `user_params'
app/controllers/passwords_controller.rb:8:in `update'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb:4:in `send_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:188:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:30:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:20:in `block in process_action'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:126:in `call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:506:in `block (2 levels) in compile'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:455:in `call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:448:in `block (2 levels) in around'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:267:in `block (2 levels) in halting_and_conditional'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb:64:in `use_zone'
app/controllers/application_controller.rb:20:in `user_time_zone'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:382:in `block in make_lambda'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:266:in `block in halting_and_conditional'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:447:in `block in around'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:455:in `call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:101:in `__run_callbacks__'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:750:in `_run_process_action_callbacks'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:90:in `run_callbacks'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:19:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb:20:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:32:in `block in process_action'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in `block in instrument'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb:21:in `instrument'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in `instrument'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:30:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb:248:in `process_action'
activerecord (5.0.0.1) lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb:18:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:126:in `process'
actionview (5.0.0.1) lib/action_view/rendering.rb:30:in `process'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal.rb:190:in `dispatch'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal.rb:262:in `dispatch'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:50:in `dispatch'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:32:in `serve'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:39:in `block in serve'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:26:in `each'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:26:in `serve'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:725:in `call'
warden (1.2.6) lib/warden/manager.rb:35:in `block in call'
warden (1.2.6) lib/warden/manager.rb:34:in `catch'
warden (1.2.6) lib/warden/manager.rb:34:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/etag.rb:25:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/conditional_get.rb:38:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/head.rb:12:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:222:in `context'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:216:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb:613:in `call'
activerecord (5.0.0.1) lib/active_record/migration.rb:552:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:38:in `block in call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:97:in `__run_callbacks__'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:750:in `_run_call_callbacks'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:90:in `run_callbacks'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:36:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/executor.rb:12:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb:79:in `call'
better_errors (2.1.1) lib/better_errors/middleware.rb:84:in `protected_app_call'
better_errors (2.1.1) lib/better_errors/middleware.rb:79:in `better_errors_call'
better_errors (2.1.1) lib/better_errors/middleware.rb:57:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb:49:in `call'
web-console (3.3.1) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:131:in `call_app'
web-console (3.3.1) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:28:in `block in call'
web-console (3.3.1) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:18:in `catch'
web-console (3.3.1) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:18:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb:31:in `call'
railties (5.0.0.1) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:36:in `call_app'
railties (5.0.0.1) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:24:in `block in call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:70:in `block in tagged'
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railties (5.0.0.1) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:24:in `call'
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actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb:24:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/method_override.rb:22:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/runtime.rb:22:in `call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb:28:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/executor.rb:12:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb:136:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/sendfile.rb:111:in `call'
railties (5.0.0.1) lib/rails/engine.rb:522:in `call'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/configuration.rb:225:in `call'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/server.rb:578:in `handle_request'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/server.rb:415:in `process_client'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/server.rb:275:in `block in run'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/thread_pool.rb:116:in `block in spawn_thread'
Started POST "/__better_errors/462cce3c438acc05/variables" for ::1 at 2016-09-26 14:59:28 -0600
所以我想我找到了一个解决方案，可能不是最正统的解决方案，但它确实有效。我对密码控制器进行了以下更改：
class PasswordsController < ApplicationController
def edit
end
def update
if current_user.type == "User"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
elsif current_user.type == "AdminUser"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
elsif current_user.type == "ClientUser"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
elsif current_user.type == "SupportUser"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
end
end
private
def user_params
if current_user.type == "User"
params.require(:user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
elsif current_user.type == "AdminUser"
params.require(:admin_user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
elsif current_user.type == "ClientUser"
params.require(:client_user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
elsif current_user.type == "SupportUser"
params.require(:support_user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
end
end
end
您可以使用 ActiveModel::Naming 获取参数键、I18n 键或任何模型名称的人性化版本。
class PasswordsController < ApplicationController
def edit
end
def update
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
end
private
def user_params
param_key = current_user.class.model_name.param_key
params.require(param_key)
.permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
end
end
您还应该学习如何使用 case statement（相当于 switch 的 Ruby）
我正在使用 ruby 2.3.1 和 rails 5 构建应用程序，用户身份验证是 Devise 4。
这个项目，我的导师想要一个具有 User、AdminUser ClientUser 和 SupportUser 类型的应用程序，他不允许使用 DeviseInvitable，这个应用程序永远不会在生产中使用。
我的工作流程，目前如下，当用户（创建任何类型）生成并发送密码（这有效）时，用户在确认帐户并登录后被强制更改密码（这适用于用户但不适用于 AdminUser SupportUser 和 ClientUser）
这是全部设置的方式：
#application_controller.rb
# Force User To Change Password On First Login
def after_sign_in_path_for(resource)
if current_user.pw_changed == "false"
edit_passwords_path
else
authenticated_root_path
end
end
passwords_controller.rb
class PasswordsController < ApplicationController
def edit
@user = current_user
end
def update
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
end
private
def user_params
params.require(:user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
end
#views
_form.html.erb
edit.html.erb
# routes.rb
# Force Password Change Routes and Resources
resource :passwords
resources :users, :type => 'User'
resources :admin_users, :type => 'AdminUser'
resources :client_users, :type => 'ClientUser'
resources :support_users, :type => 'SupportUser'
我的模特：
class User < ApplicationRecord - This also acts as custom show and user index
end
class AdminUser < User
end
class ClientUser < User
end
class SupportUser < User
end
当我尝试在首次登录时更新 AdminUsers 密码时，这是我得到的错误和服务器输出：
服务器输出
Started PATCH "/passwords" for ::1 at 2016-09-26 14:59:28 -0600
Processing by PasswordsController#update as HTML
Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"yEO6cUTLv8x2MU9lf1+bOYrpWTie17wE0TsIDEilbJzMWKSWmlQHC8mC3Bb9bkP3L3OhooY+wuwolFDO6fzxlg==", "admin_user"=>{"current_password"=>"[FILTERED]", "password"=>"[FILTERED]", "password_confirmation"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Update Admin user"}
User Load (0.9ms) SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT [["id", 5], ["LIMIT", 1]]
Completed 400 Bad Request in 3ms (ActiveRecord: 0.9ms)
ActionController::ParameterMissing - param is missing or the value is empty: user:
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb:308:in `require'
app/controllers/passwords_controller.rb:19:in `user_params'
app/controllers/passwords_controller.rb:8:in `update'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb:4:in `send_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:188:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:30:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:20:in `block in process_action'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:126:in `call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:506:in `block (2 levels) in compile'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:455:in `call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:448:in `block (2 levels) in around'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:267:in `block (2 levels) in halting_and_conditional'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb:64:in `use_zone'
app/controllers/application_controller.rb:20:in `user_time_zone'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:382:in `block in make_lambda'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:266:in `block in halting_and_conditional'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:447:in `block in around'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:455:in `call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:101:in `__run_callbacks__'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:750:in `_run_process_action_callbacks'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:90:in `run_callbacks'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:19:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb:20:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:32:in `block in process_action'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in `block in instrument'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb:21:in `instrument'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in `instrument'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:30:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb:248:in `process_action'
activerecord (5.0.0.1) lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb:18:in `process_action'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:126:in `process'
actionview (5.0.0.1) lib/action_view/rendering.rb:30:in `process'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal.rb:190:in `dispatch'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_controller/metal.rb:262:in `dispatch'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:50:in `dispatch'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:32:in `serve'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:39:in `block in serve'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:26:in `each'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:26:in `serve'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:725:in `call'
warden (1.2.6) lib/warden/manager.rb:35:in `block in call'
warden (1.2.6) lib/warden/manager.rb:34:in `catch'
warden (1.2.6) lib/warden/manager.rb:34:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/etag.rb:25:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/conditional_get.rb:38:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/head.rb:12:in `call'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:222:in `context'
rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:216:in `call'
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activerecord (5.0.0.1) lib/active_record/migration.rb:552:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:38:in `block in call'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:97:in `__run_callbacks__'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:750:in `_run_call_callbacks'
activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:90:in `run_callbacks'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:36:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/executor.rb:12:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb:79:in `call'
better_errors (2.1.1) lib/better_errors/middleware.rb:84:in `protected_app_call'
better_errors (2.1.1) lib/better_errors/middleware.rb:79:in `better_errors_call'
better_errors (2.1.1) lib/better_errors/middleware.rb:57:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb:49:in `call'
web-console (3.3.1) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:131:in `call_app'
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web-console (3.3.1) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:18:in `call'
actionpack (5.0.0.1) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb:31:in `call'
railties (5.0.0.1) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:36:in `call_app'
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activesupport (5.0.0.1) lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:70:in `block in tagged'
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rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/runtime.rb:22:in `call'
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rack (2.0.1) lib/rack/sendfile.rb:111:in `call'
railties (5.0.0.1) lib/rails/engine.rb:522:in `call'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/configuration.rb:225:in `call'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/server.rb:578:in `handle_request'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/server.rb:415:in `process_client'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/server.rb:275:in `block in run'
puma (3.6.0) lib/puma/thread_pool.rb:116:in `block in spawn_thread'
Started POST "/__better_errors/462cce3c438acc05/variables" for ::1 at 2016-09-26 14:59:28 -0600
所以我想我找到了一个解决方案，可能不是最正统的解决方案，但它确实有效。我对密码控制器进行了以下更改：
class PasswordsController < ApplicationController
def edit
end
def update
if current_user.type == "User"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
elsif current_user.type == "AdminUser"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
elsif current_user.type == "ClientUser"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
elsif current_user.type == "SupportUser"
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
end
end
private
def user_params
if current_user.type == "User"
params.require(:user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
elsif current_user.type == "AdminUser"
params.require(:admin_user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
elsif current_user.type == "ClientUser"
params.require(:client_user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
elsif current_user.type == "SupportUser"
params.require(:support_user).permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
end
end
end
您可以使用 ActiveModel::Naming 获取参数键、I18n 键或任何模型名称的人性化版本。
class PasswordsController < ApplicationController
def edit
end
def update
if current_user.update_with_password(user_params.merge(pw_changed: "true"))
flash[:notice] = 'Your Password Has Been Sucessfully Updated.'
redirect_to authenticated_root_path
else
flash[:error] = 'Oh No! Something Went Wrong, Please Try Again.'
render :edit
end
end
private
def user_params
param_key = current_user.class.model_name.param_key
params.require(param_key)
.permit(:current_password, :password, :password_confirmation)
end
end
您还应该学习如何使用 case statement（相当于 switch 的 Ruby）