如何使用猫和 State Monad

How to use cats and State Monad

我已经使用了 cats for the first time to solve day 1 代码的出现,我想知道是否有可能改进。

给定一个具有以下签名的方法 update def update(i: Instruction): PosAndDir => PosAndDir

我想出了:

val state: State[PosAndDir, List[Unit]] = instructions.map(i => State.modify(update(i))).toList.sequenceU
val finalState = state.runS(PosAndDir(Pos(0, 0), North)).value

还有

  def update2(i: Instruction): State[PosAndDir, Option[Pos]] =
    State.modify(update(i)).inspect(pad => if (i == Walk) Some(pad.pos) else None)
  …
  val state = instructions.map(update2).toList.sequenceU
  val positions = state.runA(PosAndDir(Pos(0, 0), North)).value.flatten

更准确地说,问题是:

  1. 为什么我们需要调用 .value(使用 scalaz,它是透明的)?
  2. 有没有办法用 for 理解来编写 update2 以提高可读性?
  3. cats 中是否有 SeqApplicative 实例(我知道 scalaz 中没有)。 ?
  4. 有改进代码的想法吗?
  1. cats 将 State[S, A] 定义为堆栈安全 StateT[Eval, S , A] 的别名,在 scalaz 术语中是 StateT[Trampoline, S, A],因此 runS returns Eval[A],其中 value 将是 运行 即使对于很长的 flatMap 序列也没有计算器溢出。
  2. 使用更多的导入

    import cats.data.{State, StateT}
    import cats.MonadState
    import cats.syntax.functorFilter._
    import cats.instances.option._
    

    和一些准备工作

    type Walk[x] = StateT[Option, PosAndDir, x]
    val stateMonad = MonadState[Walk, PosAndDir]
    
    import stateMonad._
    

    你可以让你的函数看起来像这样

    def update2(i: Instruction): StateT[Option, PosAndDir, Pos] =
      for (pad ← get if i == Walk) yield pad.pos
    

    并非由于此 improvement,此解决方案无法在 2.12 中运行,您可以使用此解决方法使其运行

    implicit class FunctorWithFilter[F[_] : FunctorFilter, A](fa: F[A]) {
      def withFilter(f: A ⇒ Boolean) = fa.filter(f)
    }
    
  3. Seqthis answer describes why. While there are some non-orthodox instances in the alleycats 项目没有实例。我不太确定你是否需要 Applicative[Seq],从你的代码中你更需要 Traverse[Seq],或者如果你将 sequence 替换为 sequence_ 甚至 Foldable[Seq]。 好消息 alleycats 中有 Foldable[Iterable],这是我尝试为 Seq 实例

    定义相似的东西
    implicit val seqInstance = new MonadFilter[Seq] with Traverse[Seq] {
      def traverse[G[_] : Applicative, A, B](fa: Seq[A])(f: (A) ⇒ G[B]): G[Seq[B]] =
        fa match {
          case head +: tail ⇒ f(head).map2(traverse(tail)(f))(_ +: _)
          case _empty ⇒ Seq.empty[B].pure[G]
        }
    
      def foldLeft[A, B](fa: Seq[A], b: B)(f: (B, A) ⇒ B): B = fa.foldLeft(b)(f)
    
      def foldRight[A, B](fa: Seq[A], lb: Eval[B])(f: (A, Eval[B]) ⇒ Eval[B]): Eval[B] =
        fa match {
          case head +: tail ⇒ f(head, foldRight(tail, lb)(f))
          case _empty ⇒ lb
        }
    
      def pure[A](x: A): Seq[A] = Seq(x)
    
      def empty[A]: Seq[A] = Seq.empty[A]
    
      def flatMap[A, B](fa: Seq[A])(f: (A) ⇒ Seq[B]): Seq[B] = fa.flatMap(f)
    
      def tailRecM[A, B](a: A)(f: (A) ⇒ Seq[Either[A, B]]): Seq[B] = {
        @tailrec def go(seq: Seq[Either[A, B]]): Seq[B] =
          if (seq.contains((_: Either[A, B]).isLeft)) 
            go(seq.flatMap {
              case Left(a) ⇒ f(a)
              case b ⇒ Seq(b)
            }) else seq.collect { case Right(b) ⇒ b }
    
        go(Seq(Left(a)))
      }
      override def mapFilter[A, B](fa: Seq[A])(f: (A) ⇒ Option[B]): Seq[B] = 
        fa.flatMap(f(_).toSeq)
    }
    
  4. 没有花太多时间,但这是我尝试通过 Monocle library 来简化一些部分:

    import cats.{MonadState, Foldable, Functor}
    import cats.instances.option._
    import cats.syntax.foldable._
    import cats.syntax.functor._
    import cats.syntax.functorFilter._
    import monocle.macros.Lenses
    
    @Lenses
    case class Pos(x: Int, y: Int)
    
    sealed abstract class Dir(val cmd: Pos ⇒ Pos)
    
    case object South extends Dir(Pos.y.modify(_ - 1))
    case object North extends Dir(Pos.y.modify(_ + 1))
    case object East extends Dir(Pos.x.modify(_ + 1))
    case object West extends Dir(Pos.x.modify(_ - 1))
    
    @Lenses
    case class PosAndDir(pos: Pos, dir: Dir)
    
    val clockwise = Vector(North, East, South, West)
    val right: Map[Dir, Dir] = clockwise.zip(clockwise.tail :+ clockwise.head).toMap
    val left: Map[Dir, Dir] = right.map(_.swap)
    
    sealed abstract class Instruction(val cmd: PosAndDir ⇒ PosAndDir)
    case object TurnLeft extends Instruction(PosAndDir.dir.modify(left))
    case object TurnRight extends Instruction(PosAndDir.dir.modify(right))
    case object Walk extends Instruction(pd ⇒ PosAndDir.pos.modify(pd.dir.cmd)(pd))
    
    def runInstructions[F[_] : Foldable : Functor](instructions: F[Instruction])(start: PosAndDir): PosAndDir =
      instructions.map(i => State.modify(i.cmd)).sequence_.runS(start).value