NLTK：我可以将终端添加到已经生成的语法中吗
NLTK: can I add terminal to grammar that is already generated
我已经从 atis 语法生成了语法，现在我想添加一些我自己的规则，尤其是来自句子的终端，我可以这样做吗？
import nltk
grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
至grammar我要添加更多终端
简而言之：是的，这是可能的，但你会经历很多痛苦，使用 atis.cfg 作为基础重写你的 CFG 更容易，然后阅读新的 CFG 文本文件。这比将每个新终端重新分配给正确的非终端来映射它们更容易
中长，见下文
首先让我们看看NLTK中的CFG语法是什么，它包含什么：
>>> import nltk
>>> g = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> dir(g)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__unicode__', '__weakref__', '_all_unary_are_lexical', '_calculate_grammar_forms', '_calculate_indexes', '_calculate_leftcorners', '_categories', '_empty_index', '_immediate_leftcorner_categories', '_immediate_leftcorner_words', '_is_lexical', '_is_nonlexical', '_leftcorner_parents', '_leftcorner_words', '_leftcorners', '_lexical_index', '_lhs_index', '_max_len', '_min_len', '_productions', '_rhs_index', '_start', 'check_coverage', 'fromstring', 'is_binarised', 'is_chomsky_normal_form', 'is_flexible_chomsky_normal_form', 'is_leftcorner', 'is_lexical', 'is_nonempty', 'is_nonlexical', 'leftcorner_parents', 'leftcorners', 'max_len', 'min_len', 'productions', 'start', 'unicode_repr']
有关详细信息，请参阅 https://github.com/nltk/nltk/blob/develop/nltk/grammar.py#L421
好像终端和非终端都是Production类型，参见https://github.com/nltk/nltk/blob/develop/nltk/grammar.py#L236，即
A grammar production. Each production maps a single symbol
on the "left-hand side" to a sequence of symbols on the
"right-hand side". (In the case of context-free productions,
the left-hand side must be a Nonterminal, and the right-hand
side is a sequence of terminals and Nonterminals.)
"terminals" can be any immutable hashable object that is
not a Nonterminal. Typically, terminals are strings
representing words, such as "dog" or "under".
那么让我们来看看文法是如何存储产生式的：
>>> type(g._productions)
<type 'list'>
>>> g._productions[-1]
zero -> 'zero'
>>> type(g._productions[-1])
<class 'nltk.grammar.Production'>
所以现在，我们似乎可以创建 nltk.grammar.Production 对象并将它们附加到 grammar._productions.
让我们用原来的语法试试：
>>> import nltk
>>> original_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> original_parser = ChartParser(original_grammar)
>>> sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'detroit', '.']
>>> for i in original_parser.parse(sent):
... print i
... break
...
(SIGMA
(IMPR_VB
(VERB_VB (show show))
(NP_PPO
(pt_pron_ppo me)
(NAPPOS_NP (NOUN_NP (northwest northwest))))
(NP_NNS (NOUN_NNS (pt207 flights)) (PREP_IN (to to)))
(AVPNP_NP (NOUN_NP (detroit detroit)))
(pt_char_per .)))
原文法没有终结符singapore:
>>> sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
>>> for i in original_parser.parse(sent):
... print i
... break
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/api.py", line 49, in parse
return iter(self.parse_all(sent))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1350, in parse_all
chart = self.chart_parse(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1309, in chart_parse
self._grammar.check_coverage(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/grammar.py", line 631, in check_coverage
"input words: %r." % missing)
ValueError: Grammar does not cover some of the input words: u"'singapore'".
在我们尝试将singapore添加到语法中之前，让我们看看detroit是如何存储在语法中的：
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit']
[detroit -> 'detroit']
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'])
<type 'list'>
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0])
<class 'nltk.grammar.Production'>
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs
detroit
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._rhs
(u'detroit',)
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs)
<class 'nltk.grammar.Nonterminal'>
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._rhs)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index[original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs]
[NOUN_NP -> detroit, NOUN_NP -> detroit minneapolis toronto]
所以现在我们可以尝试为 singapore:
重新创建相同的 Production 对象
# First let's create Non-terminal for singapore.
>>> nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
singapore
>>> lhs = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
>>> rhs = [u'singapore']
# Now we can create the Production for singapore.
>>> singapore_production = nltk.grammar.Production(lhs, rhs)
# Now let's try to add this Production the grammar's list of production
>>> new_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
但它仍然无法正常工作，但因为提供终端本身并不能真正帮助将其与 CFG 的其余部分相关联，因此新加坡仍然无法解析：
>>> new_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
>>> new_parser = ChartParser(new_grammar)
>>> sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
>>> new_parser.parse(sent)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/api.py", line 49, in parse
return iter(self.parse_all(sent))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1350, in parse_all
chart = self.chart_parse(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1309, in chart_parse
self._grammar.check_coverage(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/grammar.py", line 631, in check_coverage
"input words: %r." % missing)
ValueError: Grammar does not cover some of the input words: u"'singapore'".
从下面我们知道新加坡就像底特律，底特律导致这个Left-handside LHS NOUN_NP -> detroit:
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index[original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs]
[NOUN_NP -> detroit, NOUN_NP -> detroit minneapolis toronto]
所以我们需要做的是为新加坡添加另一个导致 NOUN_NP 非终结符的产生式，或者将我们的新加坡 LHS 附加到 NOUN_NP 非终结符右侧：
>>> lhs = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
>>> rhs = [u'singapore']
>>> singapore_production = nltk.grammar.Production(lhs, rhs)
>>> new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
现在让我们为 NOUN_NP -> singapore 添加新作品：
lhs2 = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('NOUN_NP')
new_grammar._productions.append(nltk.grammar.Production(lhs2, [lhs]))
现在我们应该期待我们的解析器工作：
sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
print new_grammar.productions()[2091]
print new_grammar.productions()[-1]
new_parser = nltk.ChartParser(new_grammar)
for i in new_parser.parse(sent):
print i
[输出]:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 31, in <module>
for i in new_parser.parse(sent):
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/api.py", line 49, in parse
return iter(self.parse_all(sent))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1350, in parse_all
chart = self.chart_parse(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1309, in chart_parse
self._grammar.check_coverage(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/grammar.py", line 631, in check_coverage
"input words: %r." % missing)
ValueError: Grammar does not cover some of the input words: u"'singapore'".
但看起来语法仍然无法识别我们添加的新终结符和非终结符，所以让我们尝试破解并将新语法输出到字符串中，并从输出字符串创建一个更新的语法：
import nltk
lhs = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
rhs = [u'singapore']
singapore_production = nltk.grammar.Production(lhs, rhs)
new_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
lhs2 = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('NOUN_NP')
new_grammar._productions.append(nltk.grammar.Production(lhs2, [lhs]))
# Create newer grammar from new_grammar's string
newer_grammar = nltk.grammar.CFG.fromstring(str(new_grammar).split('\n')[1:])
# Reassign new_grammar's string to newer_grammar !!!
newer_grammar._start = new_grammar.start()
newer_grammar
sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
print newer_grammar.productions()[2091]
print newer_grammar.productions()[-1]
newer_parser = nltk.ChartParser(newer_grammar)
for i in newer_parser.parse(sent):
print i
break
[输出]:
(SIGMA
(IMPR_VB
(VERB_VB (show show))
(NP_PPO
(pt_pron_ppo me)
(NAPPOS_NP (NOUN_NP (northwest northwest))))
(NP_NNS (NOUN_NNS (pt207 flights)) (PREP_IN (to to)))
(AVPNP_NP (NOUN_NP (singapore singapore)))
(pt_char_per .)))
我已经从 atis 语法生成了语法，现在我想添加一些我自己的规则，尤其是来自句子的终端，我可以这样做吗？
import nltk
grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
至grammar我要添加更多终端
简而言之：是的，这是可能的，但你会经历很多痛苦，使用 atis.cfg 作为基础重写你的 CFG 更容易，然后阅读新的 CFG 文本文件。这比将每个新终端重新分配给正确的非终端来映射它们更容易
中长，见下文
首先让我们看看NLTK中的CFG语法是什么，它包含什么：
>>> import nltk
>>> g = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> dir(g)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__unicode__', '__weakref__', '_all_unary_are_lexical', '_calculate_grammar_forms', '_calculate_indexes', '_calculate_leftcorners', '_categories', '_empty_index', '_immediate_leftcorner_categories', '_immediate_leftcorner_words', '_is_lexical', '_is_nonlexical', '_leftcorner_parents', '_leftcorner_words', '_leftcorners', '_lexical_index', '_lhs_index', '_max_len', '_min_len', '_productions', '_rhs_index', '_start', 'check_coverage', 'fromstring', 'is_binarised', 'is_chomsky_normal_form', 'is_flexible_chomsky_normal_form', 'is_leftcorner', 'is_lexical', 'is_nonempty', 'is_nonlexical', 'leftcorner_parents', 'leftcorners', 'max_len', 'min_len', 'productions', 'start', 'unicode_repr']
有关详细信息，请参阅 https://github.com/nltk/nltk/blob/develop/nltk/grammar.py#L421
好像终端和非终端都是Production类型，参见https://github.com/nltk/nltk/blob/develop/nltk/grammar.py#L236，即
A grammar production. Each production maps a single symbol on the "left-hand side" to a sequence of symbols on the "right-hand side". (In the case of context-free productions, the left-hand side must be a
Nonterminal, and the right-hand side is a sequence of terminals andNonterminals.) "terminals" can be any immutable hashable object that is not aNonterminal. Typically, terminals are strings representing words, such as"dog"or"under".
那么让我们来看看文法是如何存储产生式的：
>>> type(g._productions)
<type 'list'>
>>> g._productions[-1]
zero -> 'zero'
>>> type(g._productions[-1])
<class 'nltk.grammar.Production'>
所以现在，我们似乎可以创建 nltk.grammar.Production 对象并将它们附加到 grammar._productions.
让我们用原来的语法试试：
>>> import nltk
>>> original_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> original_parser = ChartParser(original_grammar)
>>> sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'detroit', '.']
>>> for i in original_parser.parse(sent):
... print i
... break
...
(SIGMA
(IMPR_VB
(VERB_VB (show show))
(NP_PPO
(pt_pron_ppo me)
(NAPPOS_NP (NOUN_NP (northwest northwest))))
(NP_NNS (NOUN_NNS (pt207 flights)) (PREP_IN (to to)))
(AVPNP_NP (NOUN_NP (detroit detroit)))
(pt_char_per .)))
原文法没有终结符singapore:
>>> sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
>>> for i in original_parser.parse(sent):
... print i
... break
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/api.py", line 49, in parse
return iter(self.parse_all(sent))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1350, in parse_all
chart = self.chart_parse(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1309, in chart_parse
self._grammar.check_coverage(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/grammar.py", line 631, in check_coverage
"input words: %r." % missing)
ValueError: Grammar does not cover some of the input words: u"'singapore'".
在我们尝试将singapore添加到语法中之前，让我们看看detroit是如何存储在语法中的：
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit']
[detroit -> 'detroit']
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'])
<type 'list'>
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0])
<class 'nltk.grammar.Production'>
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs
detroit
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._rhs
(u'detroit',)
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs)
<class 'nltk.grammar.Nonterminal'>
>>> type(original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._rhs)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index[original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs]
[NOUN_NP -> detroit, NOUN_NP -> detroit minneapolis toronto]
所以现在我们可以尝试为 singapore:
Production 对象
# First let's create Non-terminal for singapore.
>>> nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
singapore
>>> lhs = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
>>> rhs = [u'singapore']
# Now we can create the Production for singapore.
>>> singapore_production = nltk.grammar.Production(lhs, rhs)
# Now let's try to add this Production the grammar's list of production
>>> new_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
但它仍然无法正常工作，但因为提供终端本身并不能真正帮助将其与 CFG 的其余部分相关联，因此新加坡仍然无法解析：
>>> new_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
>>> new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
>>> new_parser = ChartParser(new_grammar)
>>> sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
>>> new_parser.parse(sent)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/api.py", line 49, in parse
return iter(self.parse_all(sent))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1350, in parse_all
chart = self.chart_parse(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1309, in chart_parse
self._grammar.check_coverage(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/grammar.py", line 631, in check_coverage
"input words: %r." % missing)
ValueError: Grammar does not cover some of the input words: u"'singapore'".
从下面我们知道新加坡就像底特律，底特律导致这个Left-handside LHS NOUN_NP -> detroit:
>>> original_grammar._rhs_index[original_grammar._rhs_index['detroit'][0]._lhs]
[NOUN_NP -> detroit, NOUN_NP -> detroit minneapolis toronto]
所以我们需要做的是为新加坡添加另一个导致 NOUN_NP 非终结符的产生式，或者将我们的新加坡 LHS 附加到 NOUN_NP 非终结符右侧：
>>> lhs = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
>>> rhs = [u'singapore']
>>> singapore_production = nltk.grammar.Production(lhs, rhs)
>>> new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
现在让我们为 NOUN_NP -> singapore 添加新作品：
lhs2 = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('NOUN_NP')
new_grammar._productions.append(nltk.grammar.Production(lhs2, [lhs]))
现在我们应该期待我们的解析器工作：
sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
print new_grammar.productions()[2091]
print new_grammar.productions()[-1]
new_parser = nltk.ChartParser(new_grammar)
for i in new_parser.parse(sent):
print i
[输出]:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 31, in <module>
for i in new_parser.parse(sent):
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/api.py", line 49, in parse
return iter(self.parse_all(sent))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1350, in parse_all
chart = self.chart_parse(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/parse/chart.py", line 1309, in chart_parse
self._grammar.check_coverage(tokens)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/nltk/grammar.py", line 631, in check_coverage
"input words: %r." % missing)
ValueError: Grammar does not cover some of the input words: u"'singapore'".
但看起来语法仍然无法识别我们添加的新终结符和非终结符，所以让我们尝试破解并将新语法输出到字符串中，并从输出字符串创建一个更新的语法：
import nltk
lhs = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('singapore')
rhs = [u'singapore']
singapore_production = nltk.grammar.Production(lhs, rhs)
new_grammar = nltk.data.load('grammars/large_grammars/atis.cfg')
new_grammar._productions.append(singapore_production)
lhs2 = nltk.grammar.Nonterminal('NOUN_NP')
new_grammar._productions.append(nltk.grammar.Production(lhs2, [lhs]))
# Create newer grammar from new_grammar's string
newer_grammar = nltk.grammar.CFG.fromstring(str(new_grammar).split('\n')[1:])
# Reassign new_grammar's string to newer_grammar !!!
newer_grammar._start = new_grammar.start()
newer_grammar
sent = ['show', 'me', 'northwest', 'flights', 'to', 'singapore', '.']
print newer_grammar.productions()[2091]
print newer_grammar.productions()[-1]
newer_parser = nltk.ChartParser(newer_grammar)
for i in newer_parser.parse(sent):
print i
break
[输出]:
(SIGMA
(IMPR_VB
(VERB_VB (show show))
(NP_PPO
(pt_pron_ppo me)
(NAPPOS_NP (NOUN_NP (northwest northwest))))
(NP_NNS (NOUN_NNS (pt207 flights)) (PREP_IN (to to)))
(AVPNP_NP (NOUN_NP (singapore singapore)))
(pt_char_per .)))