如何将指向字符串映射的智能指针存储到 class 中的成员函数,以便它不会因类型不完整而失败?

How to store a smart pointer to map of string to member function in a class so that it doesn't fail due to an incomplete type?


背景


我一直在写一个 StateMachine,它的 t运行sition table 在 运行 时间加载。对每个 t运行sition 采取的操作存储为字符串。该字符串被转换为指向状态机 class 成员函数的 std::function 对象。当事件发生并导致 t运行sition 时,将调用该函数。


问题


我之前成功使用过这个策略来决定在运行时调用哪个函数。不幸的是,我 运行 遇到以下错误:

error: return type 'XStMachine::TrFunc {aka class std::function<void (XStMachine::*)(const EventData&)>}' is incomplete

invalid use of incomplete type


已走步数


  1. 我咨询了Google和Whosebug。我有很多想法,包括将定义从类型不完整的地方移除。不幸的是,我无法让它成功运行。

  2. 我尝试使用原始指针而不是 unique_ptr 并发现事情神奇地起作用了。

  3. 我最后阅读了一些关于 shared_ptrunique_ptr 如何处理不完整类型的区别。我尝试了 shared_ptr,但这也没有解决我的问题。

  4. 我尝试为我的状态机创建一个 friend class,希望在朋友 class 声明时,类型将是视为整体。我无法让它工作。

  5. 最后,我创建了以下最小示例(请取消注释代码以重现错误。)它演示了我 运行 遇到的问题:http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/791092c7ca8fff24 并来到了专家! :)


源代码


#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <functional>
#include <memory>
#include <map>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

struct EventData
{
    unsigned int x;
};

class Friendly; // Required for compiling the code. Why?

class XStMachine
{
        friend class Friendly;
        unique_ptr<Friendly> fPtr;   //-- Doesn't compile if Friendly is not fwd. declared
        unsigned int y;
        unsigned int z;
    public:
        typedef void(XStMachine::*TrFuncPtr)(EventData const&);
        typedef std::function<TrFuncPtr> TrFunc;
    private:
        // map<string, TrFunc> fMap; //-- Doesn't compile because TrFunc is incomplete
        // unique_ptr<map<string, TrFunc>> fMap; // Doesn't compile; incomplete type.
        map<string, TrFunc> *fMap;  // Compiles with incomplete type.
    protected:
        void tranFunc1(EventData const &d)
        {
            y = d.x;
        }

        void tranFunc2(EventData const &d)
        {
            z = d.x;    
        }
    public:
        XStMachine()
        {
            // Code to init fMap
        }

        // The code below doesn't compile. incomplete type.
        TrFunc getTranFunc(std::string const &s)
        {
            return (*fMap)[s];
        }

        ~XStMachine()
        {
        }
};

class Friendly
{
    // unique_ptr<map<string, XStMachine::TrFunc> fMap; // Doesn't compile, the type is incomplete. 
    public:
        Friendly()
        {
            // Code to allocate and init fMap
        }

        // Dosen't compile if defined here because the return type is incomplete.
        //XStMachine::TrFunc& getTranFunc(std::string const&)
        //{
            // return (*fMap)[s];
        //}
};
// The type is incomplete -> Will this work inside a separate cpp file?
//XStMachine::TrFunc& getTranFunc(std::string const &s)
//{
    // Weird - Can't access protected members though we're friends. :/
    /*
    static map<string, XStMachine::TrFunc> fMap = {{"tranFunc1", function(&XStMachine::tranFunc1)},
                                                   {"tranFunc2", function(&XStMachine::tranFunc2)}
                                                  };     
    */
    //return fMap[s];
//}

int main() {
    cout << "I need to understand incomplete types." << endl;
    return 0;
}

Coliru(gcc 6.3,C++ 14)的完整错误输出


main.cpp: In member function 'XStMachine::TrFunc XStMachine::getTranFunc(const string&)':
main.cpp:48:3: error: return type 'XStMachine::TrFunc {aka class std::function<void (XStMachine::*)(const EventData&)>}' is incomplete
   {
   ^
In file included from /usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/bits/stl_algobase.h:64:0,
                 from /usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/bits/char_traits.h:39,
                 from /usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/ios:40,
                 from /usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/ostream:38,
                 from /usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/iostream:39,
                 from main.cpp:1:
/usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/bits/stl_pair.h: In instantiation of 'struct std::pair<const std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, std::function<void (XStMachine::*)(const EventData&)> >':
/usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/bits/stl_map.h:481:10:   required from 'std::map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Alloc>::mapped_type& std::map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Alloc>::operator[](const key_type&) [with _Key = std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>; _Tp = std::function<void (XStMachine::*)(const EventData&)>; _Compare = std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char> >; _Alloc = std::allocator<std::pair<const std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, std::function<void (XStMachine::*)(const EventData&)> > >; std::map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Alloc>::mapped_type = std::function<void (XStMachine::*)(const EventData&)>; std::map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Alloc>::key_type = std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>]'
main.cpp:49:23:   required from here
/usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/bits/stl_pair.h:196:11: error: 'std::pair<_T1, _T2>::second' has incomplete type
       _T2 second;                /// @c second is a copy of the second object
           ^~~~~~
In file included from main.cpp:3:0:
/usr/local/include/c++/6.3.0/functional:1526:11: note: declaration of 'class std::function<void (XStMachine::*)(const EventData&)>'
     class function;
           ^~~~~~~~

目标


初级: 了解示例代码中发生的事情并修复它。

中学:清楚地了解什么是不完整类型,这样我就可以: * 解决未来的相关问题。 * 知道用调用默认值的删除器覆盖 unique_ptr 的默认删除器是否安全。

我的不理解真的妨碍了我。


相关问题


  1. 即使在示例代码中 Friendly 被声明为 XStMachine 中的友元,它也必须在程序的前面进行前向声明。为什么会这样?

  2. 即使 Friendly 被声明为友元,它也不能访问 XStMachine 的受保护成员函数。例如,&XStMachine::tranFunc1 是无效的。为什么?

std::function 仅采用常规函数类型作为模板参数。指向成员函数的指针类型不起作用。

以下是标准库中 std::function 的典型定义:

template< class >
class function; // intentionally undefined 
template< class R, class... Args >
class function<R(Args...)> // actual definition 

模板参数不决定这个实例化可以存储什么样的函数,而是如何调用这个实例化

任何使用非常规函数类型的实例化尝试都将产生不完整的类型。示例:

std::function <int> incomplete;

在您的代码中,您可以:

  • 在映射中存储std::function<void(EventData const&)>(使用std::bind从指向成员函数的指针和对象指针构造这些对象);或
  • 完全取消 std::function 并直接在映射中存储指向成员函数的指针。