java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError 当包含 espresso-contrib:2.0 时
java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError when including espresso-contrib:2.0
我有一个 android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView 的子类。当我使用应用程序和测试时它工作正常。
但是，当我在我的 gradle 应用程序文件中包含 espresso-contrib 时，当我尝试 运行 相同的测试时出现异常。该应用程序仍然有效。同样的问题出现在 sdk 版本 21 和 22，在 armv 模拟器和设备上。使用 x86 模拟器它会出现段错误。
Gradle
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-contrib:2.0'
异常
java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError: xxx.DashboardActivity
at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClassNative(Native Method)
at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClass(DexFile.java:226)
at dalvik.system.DexFile.loadClassBinaryName(DexFile.java:219)
at dalvik.system.DexPathList.findClass(DexPathList.java:321)
at dalvik.system.BaseDexClassLoader.findClass(BaseDexClassLoader.java:54)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:511)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:469)
at xxx.DashboardActivity.onCreate(DashboardActivity.java:54)
at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:5990)
at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1106)
at android.support.test.runner.MonitoringInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(MonitoringInstrumentation.java:346)
at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2278)
at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2390)
at android.app.ActivityThread.access0(ActivityThread.java:151)
at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1303)
at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:135)
at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5257)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:903)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:698)
亚行logcat
I/ActivityManager( 1229): START u0 {act=android.intent.action.MAIN flg=0x14000000 cmp=xxx/.activities.DashboardActivity} from uid 10059 on display 0
V/WindowManager( 1229): addAppToken: AppWindowToken{65964e3 token=Token{3f63d512 ActivityRecord{19743c9d u0 xxx/.activities.DashboardActivity t13}}} to stack=1 task=13 at 0
D/LifecycleMonitor( 2953): Lifecycle status change: xxx.activities.DashboardActivity@281384ef in: PRE_ON_CREATE
V/WindowManager( 1229): Adding window Window{2d974c1a u0 Starting xxx} at 2 of 7 (after Window{27a98488 u0 com.android.launcher/com.android.launcher2.Launcher})
W/RecyclerView( 2953): setScrollingTouchSlop(): bad argument constant 315513600; using default value
W/art ( 2953): Incompatible structural change detected: Structural change of android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView$Adapter is hazardous (/data/dalvik-cache/x86/data@app@xxx-1@b
ase.apk@classes.dex at compile time, /data/dalvik-cache/x86/data@app@xxx.test-1@base.apk@classes.dex at runtime): Virtual method count off: 26 vs 25
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$Adapter; (Compile time):
W/art ( 2953): Static fields:
W/art ( 2953): Instance fields:
W/art ( 2953): Z mHasStableIds
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObservable; mObservable
W/art ( 2953): Direct methods:
W/art ( 2953): <init>()V
W/art ( 2953): Virtual methods:
W/art ( 2953): bindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): createViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): getItemCount()I
W/art ( 2953): getItemId(I)J
W/art ( 2953): getItemViewType(I)I
W/art ( 2953): hasObservers()Z
W/art ( 2953): hasStableIds()Z
W/art ( 2953): notifyDataSetChanged()V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemChanged(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemInserted(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemMoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeChanged(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeInserted(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeRemoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRemoved(I)V
W/art ( 2953): onAttachedToRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onBindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): onCreateViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): onDetachedFromRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onFailedToRecycleView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)Z
W/art ( 2953): onViewAttachedToWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewDetachedFromWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewRecycled(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): registerAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
W/art ( 2953): setHasStableIds(Z)V
W/art ( 2953): unregisterAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$Adapter; (Runtime):
W/art ( 2953): Static fields:
W/art ( 2953): Instance fields:
W/art ( 2953): Z mHasStableIds
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObservable; mObservable
W/art ( 2953): Direct methods:
W/art ( 2953): <init>()V
W/art ( 2953): Virtual methods:
W/art ( 2953): bindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): createViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): getItemCount()I
W/art ( 2953): getItemId(I)J
W/art ( 2953): getItemViewType(I)I
W/art ( 2953): hasObservers()Z
W/art ( 2953): hasStableIds()Z
W/art ( 2953): notifyDataSetChanged()V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemChanged(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemInserted(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemMoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeChanged(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeInserted(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeRemoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRemoved(I)V
W/art ( 2953): onAttachedToRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onBindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): onCreateViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): onDetachedFromRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewAttachedToWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewDetachedFromWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewRecycled(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): registerAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
W/art ( 2953): setHasStableIds(Z)V
W/art ( 2953): unregisterAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.models.JSONArrayRecyclerViewAdapter>
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.models.JSONArrayRecyclerViewAdapter>
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.activities.DashboardActivity>
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.activities.DashboardActivity>
D/AndroidRuntime( 2953): Shutting down VM
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): Exception encountered by: Thread[main,5,main]. Dumping thread state to outputs and pining for the fjords.
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError: xxx.activities.DashboardActivity
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClassNative(Native Method)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClass(DexFile.java:226)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexFile.loadClassBinaryName(DexFile.java:219)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexPathList.findClass(DexPathList.java:321)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.BaseDexClassLoader.findClass(BaseDexClassLoader.java:54)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:511)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:469)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at xxx.activities.DashboardActivity.onCreate(DashboardActivity.java:54)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:5990)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1106)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.support.test.runner.MonitoringInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(MonitoringInstrumentation.java:346)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2278)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2390)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.access0(ActivityThread.java:151)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1303)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:135)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5257)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:903)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:698)
Espresso 依赖项已过时。已报告，将在未来修复。 https://code.google.com/p/android-test-kit/issues/detail?id=139
请使用Newest Gradle Plugin（不是稳定版）
从 Android Gradle 插件的 2.0.0 开始，如果主 APK 和测试 APK 使用相同的库（例如 Guava），Gradle 构建将失败，但在不同的版本。
要使构建成功，只需将新版本的依赖项添加到 build.gradle
例如：
androidTestCompile "com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:${supportLibVersion}"
参考：
您可以尝试将其添加到 gradle 文件的底部（在每个字符之后）
/*
Resolves dependency versions across test and production APKs, specifically, transitive
dependencies. This is required since Espresso internally has a dependency on support-annotations.
*/
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy.force "com.android.support:support-annotations:$rootProject.supportLibraryVersion"
}
/*
All direct/transitive dependencies shared between your test and production APKs need to be
excluded from the test APK! This is necessary because both APKs will contain the same classes. Not
excluding these dependencies from your test configuration will result in an dex pre-verifier error
at runtime. More info in this tools bug: (https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=192497)
*/
configurations.compile.dependencies.each { compileDependency ->
println "Excluding compile dependency: ${compileDependency.getName()}"
configurations.androidTestCompile.dependencies.each { androidTestCompileDependency ->
configurations.androidTestCompile.exclude module: "${compileDependency.getName()}"
}
}
它来自 github
上的 Android 测试项目
来源：https://github.com/googlecodelabs/android-testing/blob/master/app/build.gradle#L96
也许你忘记添加了
默认配置中的 testInstrumentationRunner android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"{}
我有一个 android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView 的子类。当我使用应用程序和测试时它工作正常。
但是，当我在我的 gradle 应用程序文件中包含 espresso-contrib 时，当我尝试 运行 相同的测试时出现异常。该应用程序仍然有效。同样的问题出现在 sdk 版本 21 和 22，在 armv 模拟器和设备上。使用 x86 模拟器它会出现段错误。
Gradle
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-contrib:2.0'
异常
java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError: xxx.DashboardActivity
at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClassNative(Native Method)
at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClass(DexFile.java:226)
at dalvik.system.DexFile.loadClassBinaryName(DexFile.java:219)
at dalvik.system.DexPathList.findClass(DexPathList.java:321)
at dalvik.system.BaseDexClassLoader.findClass(BaseDexClassLoader.java:54)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:511)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:469)
at xxx.DashboardActivity.onCreate(DashboardActivity.java:54)
at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:5990)
at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1106)
at android.support.test.runner.MonitoringInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(MonitoringInstrumentation.java:346)
at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2278)
at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2390)
at android.app.ActivityThread.access0(ActivityThread.java:151)
at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1303)
at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:135)
at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5257)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:903)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:698)
亚行logcat
I/ActivityManager( 1229): START u0 {act=android.intent.action.MAIN flg=0x14000000 cmp=xxx/.activities.DashboardActivity} from uid 10059 on display 0
V/WindowManager( 1229): addAppToken: AppWindowToken{65964e3 token=Token{3f63d512 ActivityRecord{19743c9d u0 xxx/.activities.DashboardActivity t13}}} to stack=1 task=13 at 0
D/LifecycleMonitor( 2953): Lifecycle status change: xxx.activities.DashboardActivity@281384ef in: PRE_ON_CREATE
V/WindowManager( 1229): Adding window Window{2d974c1a u0 Starting xxx} at 2 of 7 (after Window{27a98488 u0 com.android.launcher/com.android.launcher2.Launcher})
W/RecyclerView( 2953): setScrollingTouchSlop(): bad argument constant 315513600; using default value
W/art ( 2953): Incompatible structural change detected: Structural change of android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView$Adapter is hazardous (/data/dalvik-cache/x86/data@app@xxx-1@b
ase.apk@classes.dex at compile time, /data/dalvik-cache/x86/data@app@xxx.test-1@base.apk@classes.dex at runtime): Virtual method count off: 26 vs 25
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$Adapter; (Compile time):
W/art ( 2953): Static fields:
W/art ( 2953): Instance fields:
W/art ( 2953): Z mHasStableIds
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObservable; mObservable
W/art ( 2953): Direct methods:
W/art ( 2953): <init>()V
W/art ( 2953): Virtual methods:
W/art ( 2953): bindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): createViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): getItemCount()I
W/art ( 2953): getItemId(I)J
W/art ( 2953): getItemViewType(I)I
W/art ( 2953): hasObservers()Z
W/art ( 2953): hasStableIds()Z
W/art ( 2953): notifyDataSetChanged()V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemChanged(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemInserted(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemMoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeChanged(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeInserted(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeRemoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRemoved(I)V
W/art ( 2953): onAttachedToRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onBindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): onCreateViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): onDetachedFromRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onFailedToRecycleView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)Z
W/art ( 2953): onViewAttachedToWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewDetachedFromWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewRecycled(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): registerAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
W/art ( 2953): setHasStableIds(Z)V
W/art ( 2953): unregisterAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$Adapter; (Runtime):
W/art ( 2953): Static fields:
W/art ( 2953): Instance fields:
W/art ( 2953): Z mHasStableIds
W/art ( 2953): Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObservable; mObservable
W/art ( 2953): Direct methods:
W/art ( 2953): <init>()V
W/art ( 2953): Virtual methods:
W/art ( 2953): bindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): createViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): getItemCount()I
W/art ( 2953): getItemId(I)J
W/art ( 2953): getItemViewType(I)I
W/art ( 2953): hasObservers()Z
W/art ( 2953): hasStableIds()Z
W/art ( 2953): notifyDataSetChanged()V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemChanged(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemInserted(I)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemMoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeChanged(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeInserted(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRangeRemoved(II)V
W/art ( 2953): notifyItemRemoved(I)V
W/art ( 2953): onAttachedToRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onBindViewHolder(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;I)V
W/art ( 2953): onCreateViewHolder(Landroid/view/ViewGroup;I)Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;
W/art ( 2953): onDetachedFromRecyclerView(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewAttachedToWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewDetachedFromWindow(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): onViewRecycled(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$ViewHolder;)V
W/art ( 2953): registerAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
W/art ( 2953): setHasStableIds(Z)V
W/art ( 2953): unregisterAdapterDataObserver(Landroid/support/v7/widget/RecyclerView$AdapterDataObserver;)V
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.models.JSONArrayRecyclerViewAdapter>
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.models.JSONArrayRecyclerViewAdapter>
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.activities.DashboardActivity>
I/art ( 2953): Rejecting re-init on previously-failed class java.lang.Class<xxx.activities.DashboardActivity>
D/AndroidRuntime( 2953): Shutting down VM
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): Exception encountered by: Thread[main,5,main]. Dumping thread state to outputs and pining for the fjords.
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError: xxx.activities.DashboardActivity
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClassNative(Native Method)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexFile.defineClass(DexFile.java:226)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexFile.loadClassBinaryName(DexFile.java:219)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.DexPathList.findClass(DexPathList.java:321)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at dalvik.system.BaseDexClassLoader.findClass(BaseDexClassLoader.java:54)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:511)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:469)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at xxx.activities.DashboardActivity.onCreate(DashboardActivity.java:54)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:5990)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1106)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.support.test.runner.MonitoringInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(MonitoringInstrumentation.java:346)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2278)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2390)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.access0(ActivityThread.java:151)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1303)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:135)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5257)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:903)
E/MonitoringInstrumentation( 2953): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:698)
Espresso 依赖项已过时。已报告，将在未来修复。 https://code.google.com/p/android-test-kit/issues/detail?id=139
请使用Newest Gradle Plugin（不是稳定版）
从 Android Gradle 插件的 2.0.0 开始，如果主 APK 和测试 APK 使用相同的库（例如 Guava），Gradle 构建将失败，但在不同的版本。
要使构建成功，只需将新版本的依赖项添加到 build.gradle
例如：
androidTestCompile "com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:${supportLibVersion}"
参考：
您可以尝试将其添加到 gradle 文件的底部（在每个字符之后）
/*
Resolves dependency versions across test and production APKs, specifically, transitive
dependencies. This is required since Espresso internally has a dependency on support-annotations.
*/
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy.force "com.android.support:support-annotations:$rootProject.supportLibraryVersion"
}
/*
All direct/transitive dependencies shared between your test and production APKs need to be
excluded from the test APK! This is necessary because both APKs will contain the same classes. Not
excluding these dependencies from your test configuration will result in an dex pre-verifier error
at runtime. More info in this tools bug: (https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=192497)
*/
configurations.compile.dependencies.each { compileDependency ->
println "Excluding compile dependency: ${compileDependency.getName()}"
configurations.androidTestCompile.dependencies.each { androidTestCompileDependency ->
configurations.androidTestCompile.exclude module: "${compileDependency.getName()}"
}
}
它来自 github
上的 Android 测试项目来源：https://github.com/googlecodelabs/android-testing/blob/master/app/build.gradle#L96
也许你忘记添加了 默认配置中的 testInstrumentationRunner android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"{}