C++14 模板偏特化不可见

Question

我想了解为什么模板偏特化变得不可见。

我正在做一个小例子来说明我是如何遇到下面的错误的。该示例尝试重载 operator<< 以打印到 ostream。在问题 1 中有一个解决方案可以打印元组。我的问题是关于为什么下面的那个因不可见错误而失败。

来自 clang 的完整错误：

call to function 'operator<<' that is neither visible in the template definition nor found by argument-dependent
      lookup
        operator<<(os, std::get<0>(t));
        ^
testing.cpp:9:47: note: in instantiation of member function 'tuple_printer<1, std::__1::tuple<std::__1::tuple<const char *, int> > >::print'
      requested here
        tuple_printer<s-1, std::tuple<T...>>::print(os, t);
                                              ^
testing.cpp:33:52: note: in instantiation of member function 'tuple_printer<2, std::__1::tuple<const char *, int> >::print' requested here
    tuple_printer<sizeof...(T), std::tuple<T...>>::print(os, t);
                                                   ^
testing.cpp:40:15: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'operator<<<const char *, int>' requested here
    std::cout << std::make_tuple("hello", 5) << std::endl;
              ^
testing.cpp:30:15: note: 'operator<<' should be declared prior to the call site
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::tuple<T...>& t)

示例代码：

#include <tuple>
#include <iostream>

template<size_t s, typename... T>
struct tuple_printer{
    static void print(std::ostream& os, const std::tuple<T...>& t){
        os << ", ";
        os << std::get<s-1>(t);
        tuple_printer<s-1, std::tuple<T...>>::print(os, t);
    }
};

template<typename... T>
struct tuple_printer<0, T...>{
    static void print(std::ostream& os, const std::tuple<T...>& t){
        //nothing to do here
    }
};

template<typename... T>
struct tuple_printer<1, T...>{
    static void print(std::ostream& os, const std::tuple<T...>& t){
        //no need for comma separator
        os << std::get<0>(t);
    }
};

template <typename... T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::tuple<T...>& t)
{
    os << "[";
    tuple_printer<sizeof...(T), std::tuple<T...>>::print(os, t);
    return os << "]";
}

int main()
{
    std::cout << std::make_tuple(2, 3.14159F, 2345.678) << std::endl;
    std::cout << std::make_tuple("hello", 5) << std::endl;
    std::cout << std::make_tuple() << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

Answer 1

std::cout << std::make_tuple(2, 3.14159F, 2345.678)

这调用std::ostream& operator<< <int, float, double>(std::ostream& os, const std::tuple<int, float, double>& t)

从内部调用 tuple_printer<sizeof...(T), std::tuple<T...>>::print(os, t); 是

void tuple_printer<3, std::tuple<int, float, double>>::print(
    std::ostream& os,
    const std::tuple<std::tuple<int, float, double>>& t);

注意加倍的 tuple。您显式地将 tuple 作为单个参数传递给 T...，然后该函数将其包装在另一个元组中。

在这个 print 函数中，您调用

std::get<2>(t)

编译失败，因为 t 只有一个元素。

在其他情况下，get<s-1>(t) 成功，但 returns 是一个元组，而不是基本元素，因此您尝试将其传递给 operator<<，但 operator<<对于元组尚未声明。

Answer 2

1. tuple_printer 不带 size_t, tuple<T...> 但 size_t, T...:

将tuple_printer<s-1, std::tuple<T...>>替换为：

tuple_printer<s-1, T...>

和tuple_printer<sizeof...(T), std::tuple<T...>>与：

tuple_printer<sizeof...(T), T...>

2. 此外，我猜您希望基本模板中的语句顺序略有不同：

tuple_printer<s-1, T...>::print(os, t);
os << ", ";
os << std::get<s-1>(t);

C++14 模板偏特化不可见

C++14 template partial specialization not visible

c++

c++14

iostream

template-meta-programming