int 13h 42h 不会在 Bochs 中加载任何内容

int 13h 42h doesn't load anything in Bochs

我将引导加载程序从 CHS 更改为 LBA,因此我将 int 13h 02h 替换为 int 13h 42h。它在 QEMU 中工作正常,但是,我在 Bochs 和我的笔记本电脑上遇到了麻烦 运行。

我用 dd if=main.bin of=/dev/sdb bs=512 将引导加载程序写入 USB 闪存驱动器。笔记本电脑加载 Intel UNDI 并出现以下错误:No bootable device - insert boot disk and press any key.

所以我尝试用 Bochs 调试它并注意到 Bochs 将这个二进制文件识别为可引导文件。但是,int 13h 执行后没有加载任何内容。

然后我尝试从这个闪存驱动器加载我的旧 PC,它成功了!它加载程序并正确执行。 QEMU 给了我相同的结果。

这是引导加载程序代码:

org 0x7c00
bits 16

boot:
    cli
    ; Overlap CS and DS
    mov ax, cs
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    ; Setup 4K stack before this bootloader
    mov ax, 0x07c0
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 4096
    ; Load next sectors
    mov si, DAP
    mov ah, 42h
    ; DL didn't changed
    int 13h
    ; Start
    jmp bootend

; Disk address packet
DAP:
    db 10h, 0
    dw %1 ; Number of sectors to be loaded
    dd bootend
    dq 1

; Fill the rest of bootsector with zeroes and end it
times 510 - ($ - boot) db 0
dw 0xAA55
bootend:

bochsrc:

megs: 32
romimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-latest, address=0xfffe0000
vgaromimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
floppya: 1_44=main.bin, status=inserted
boot: a
panic: action=ask
log: bochsout.txt
mouse: enabled=0
keyboard: type=mf, serial_delay=200, paste_delay=100000
display_library: x, options="gui_debug"

LBA 磁盘访问可用性

并非所有 BIOS 都支持扩展的磁盘读写功能(尽管在现代硬件上它们几乎都支持)。并非所有 BIOS 都支持通过 Int 13h/AH=42h. This is true of BOCHS as well. You can test whether extended disk functions are available on a drive via Int 13/AH=41h/BX=55AAh 扩展软盘读取。这会执行扩展磁盘安装检查。

如果您想使用扩展磁盘读取和 LBA 在 BOCHS 上测试您的代码,您将必须创建一个硬盘映像并修改 BOCHS 从它而不是软盘启动。 BOCHS支持的最小硬盘镜像大小为CHS=1/16/63即512*16*63=516096字节或1008个扇区,每个扇区512字节。

您可以将 bochsrc.txt 修改为:

megs: 32
romimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-latest, address=0xfffe0000
vgaromimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
boot: c
ata0: enabled=1, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14
ata0-master: type=disk, path="disk.img", mode=flat, cylinders=0, heads=0, spt=0, model="Generic 1234", biosdetect=auto, translation=auto
panic: action=ask
log: bochsout.txt
mouse: enabled=0
keyboard: type=mf, serial_delay=200, paste_delay=100000
display_library: x, options="gui_debug"

我使用名为 disk.img 的磁盘映像。您可以使用以下命令创建它并将生成的扇区放入其中:

nasm -f bin main.asm -o main.bin

创建一个 516096 字节的图像:

dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img count=1008 bs=512

将引导扇区放入 disk.img 的开头,而不 运行cating 文件:

dd if=main.bin of=disk.img conv=notrunc

我有更多关于使用 DD 创建磁盘映像的信息 Whosebug answer


一般代码观察

尽管磁盘映像是 BOCHS 问题的一部分,但您确实遇到了一些编码问题。您不能假设 CS 的值将设置为您认为当控制权从 BIOS 转移到您的引导加载程序时的值。有关详细信息,请参阅我的 。如果你希望 DSES 为零(这是你需要 org 0x7c00 的),你应该修改开始您的代码类似于:

org 0x7c00
bits 16

boot:
    cli

    xor ax, ax     ; Explicitly set DS and ES to 0
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax

为了测试您的代码,我在 bootend:

之后添加了这个
bootend:

    ; Print MDP to upper left of screen in white on light magenta
    mov ax, 0xb800
    mov es, ax
    mov word [es:0x0000], 0x57<<8 | 'M'
    mov word [es:0x0002], 0x57<<8 | 'D'
    mov word [es:0x0004], 0x57<<8 | 'P'

    ; Infinite loop so we don't have the CPU wander memory
    cli
endloop:
    hlt
    jmp endloop

我不确定这一行是否有错字,或者您在将程序集文件传递给 NASM 之前是否使用了某种类型的预处理器。通常这一行是 1:

之前的 % 符号的问题
dw %1 ; Number of sectors to be loaded

NASM 只会直接支持这个:

dw 1  ; Number of sectors to be loaded

真实硬件/USB/笔记本电脑问题

如果您尝试使用 USB 在真实硬件上启动,那么您可能会遇到另一个问题,即使您通过上述更改使其在 BOCHS 中正常工作。如果您的 BIOS 设置为执行 USB FDD 仿真(而不是 USB HDD 或其他),您可能需要在引导加载程序的开头添加一个 Boot Parameter Block(BPB)。你可以像这样创建一个假的:

org 0x7c00
bits 16

boot:
    jmp main
    TIMES 3-($-$$) DB 0x90   ; Support 2 or 3 byte encoded JMPs before BPB.

    ; Dos 4.0 EBPB 1.44MB floppy
    OEMname:           db    "mkfs.fat"  ; mkfs.fat is what OEMname mkdosfs uses
    bytesPerSector:    dw    512
    sectPerCluster:    db    1
    reservedSectors:   dw    1
    numFAT:            db    2
    numRootDirEntries: dw    224
    numSectors:        dw    2880
    mediaType:         db    0xf0
    numFATsectors:     dw    9
    sectorsPerTrack:   dw    18
    numHeads:          dw    2
    numHiddenSectors:  dd    0
    numSectorsHuge:    dd    0
    driveNum:          db    0
    reserved:          db    0
    signature:         db    0x29
    volumeID:          dd    0x2d7e5a1a
    volumeLabel:       db    "NO NAME    "
    fileSysType:       db    "FAT12   "

main:
    cli

    xor ax, ax     ; Explicitly set DS and ES to 0
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    [rest of your code here]

如果您要修改您的代码以使布局高于 Unix/Linux file 命令可能能够转储它认为构成磁盘映像中的 MBR 的 BPB 数据。 运行 命令 file disk.img 你可能会得到这个输出:

disk.img: DOS/MBR boot sector, code offset 0x3c+2, OEM-ID "mkfs.fat", root entries 224, sectors 2880 (volumes <=32 MB) , sectors/FAT 9, sectors/track 18, serial number 0x2d7e5a1a, unlabeled, FAT (12 bit)


带有 Int 13h 扩展检查的完整示例

以下代码将检查 Int 13h 扩展是否在 BIOS 中可用,还将确定 DL 中的驱动器是否支持 Int 13h 扩展。如果出现故障,代码将打印相应的错误。 print_string 函数用于使用 BIOS TTY 输出向控制台显示字符串,并提供 print_hex_word 函数以十六进制显示引导驱动器号。

org 0x7c00
bits 16

section .text
boot:
    jmp main
    TIMES 3-($-$$) DB 0x90   ; Support 2 or 3 byte encoded JMPs before BPB.

    ; Dos 4.0 EBPB 1.44MB floppy
    OEMname:           db    "mkfs.fat"  ; mkfs.fat is what OEMname mkdosfs uses
    bytesPerSector:    dw    512
    sectPerCluster:    db    1
    reservedSectors:   dw    1
    numFAT:            db    2
    numRootDirEntries: dw    224
    numSectors:        dw    2880
    mediaType:         db    0xf0
    numFATsectors:     dw    9
    sectorsPerTrack:   dw    18
    numHeads:          dw    2
    numHiddenSectors:  dd    0
    numSectorsHuge:    dd    0
    driveNum:          db    0
    reserved:          db    0
    signature:         db    0x29
    volumeID:          dd    0x2d7e5a1a
    volumeLabel:       db    "NO NAME    "
    fileSysType:       db    "FAT12   "

main:
    cli
    cld                   ; String instructions forward movement

    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    ; Setup 4K stack before this bootloader
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x7c00

    ; Display a banner to know our bootloader is executing
    mov si, msg_booting
    call print_string

    ; Check that Int 13h Extensions are available
    ; http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-0706.htm

    mov ah, 0x41          ; Int 13h/AH=41h: Check if extensions present
    mov bx, 0x55aa
    int 0x13
    jc  ext_drv_none      ; CF set - no extensions available for drive
    cmp bx, 0xaa55        ; Is BX 0xaa55?
    jnz ext_none          ;     If not, int 13h extensions not supported
                          ;     by BIOS at all.

    ; Int 13h extensions supported by BIOS and drive at this point
    ; Load next sectors
    mov si, DAP
    mov ah, 42h
    ; DL didn't changed
    int 13h
    ; Start
    jmp bootend

; Error: BIOS doesn't support Int 13h extensions
ext_none:
    mov si, err_no_extensions
    call print_string
    jmp error_end

; Error: BIOS supports Int 13h extensions but not for drive in DL
ext_drv_none:
    mov si, err_no_drv_ext_support
    call print_string

    ; Print the boot drive number in hex
    xor dh, dh            ; Zero extended drive number to all of DX
    push word 0x00        ; Attribute and page number to write to
    push dx               ; The value to write as hex
    call print_hex_word


error_end:
    cli
.loop:
    hlt
    jmp .loop

; Print 16 bit value passed on stack as first parameter
; in hexadecimal. Use page number and foreground color
; passed in second parameter. This routine will work on 8086+
; processors. This code takes advantage of packed BCD to
; determine the ASCII values to print. This code could have
; used compare and branch to do the same or a translation table.

print_hex_word:
    push bp
    mov bp, sp      ; BP=SP, on 8086 can't use sp in memory operand
    push dx         ; Save all registers we clobber
    push cx
    push bx
    push ax

    mov cx, 0x0404  ; CH = number of nibbles to process = 4 (4*4=16 bits)
                    ; CL = Number of bits to rotate each iteration = 4 (a nibble)
    mov dx, [bp+4]  ; DX = word parameter on stack at [bp+4] to print
    mov bx, [bp+6]  ; BX = page / foreground attr is at [bp+6]

.loop:
    rol dx, cl      ; Roll 4 bits left. Lower nibble is value to print
    mov ax, 0x0e0f  ; AH=0E (BIOS tty print),AL=mask to get lower nibble
    and al, dl      ; AL=copy of lower nibble
    add al, 0x90    ; Work as if we are packed BCD
    daa             ; Decimal adjust after add.
                    ;    If nibble in AL was between 0 and 9, then CF=0 and
                    ;    AL=0x90 to 0x99
                    ;    If nibble in AL was between A and F, then CF=1 and
                    ;    AL=0x00 to 0x05
    adc al, 0x40    ; AL=0xD0 to 0xD9
                    ; or AL=0x41 to 0x46
    daa             ; AL=0x30 to 0x39 (ASCII '0' to '9')
                    ; or AL=0x41 to 0x46 (ASCII 'A' to 'F')
    int 0x10        ; Print ASCII character in AL
    dec ch
    jnz .loop       ; Go back if more nibbles to process

    pop ax          ; Restore registers
    pop bx
    pop cx
    pop dx
    pop bp
    ret

; Print string pointed to by DS:SI using
; BIOS TTY output via int 10h/AH=0eh

print_string:
    push ax
    push si
    mov ah, 0Eh       ; int 10h 'print char' function

.repeat:
    lodsb             ; Get character from string
    test al, al
    je .done      ; If char is zero, end of string
    int 10h           ; Otherwise, print it
    jmp .repeat
.done:
    pop si
    pop ax
    ret

; Disk address packet
DAP:
    db 10h, 0
    dw 1 ; Number of sectors to be loaded
    dd bootend
    dq 1

msg_booting:            db "Booting... ", 0x00
err_no_extensions:      db "Int 13h extensions not supported by BIOS", 0x00
err_no_drv_ext_support: db "Int 13h Extensions not supported on drive 0x", 0x00

; Fill the rest of bootsector with zeroes and end it
times 510 - ($ - boot) db 0
dw 0xAA55
bootend:

    mov ax, 0xb800
    mov es, ax
    mov word [es:0x0000], 0x57<<8 | 'M'
    mov word [es:0x0002], 0x57<<8 | 'D'
    mov word [es:0x0004], 0x57<<8 | 'P'
    cli
    hlt

使用上面的信息制作一个硬盘映像,当我 运行 它在 BOCHS 中时,我得到这个输出:

如果我在 BOCHS 中启动与软盘(磁盘 A:)相同的映像,错误消息现在告诉我 Int 13h 扩展不适用于驱动器 0x0000:

如果您发现需要读取不支持 Int 13h 扩展的设备,您将不得不回退到 reading (AH=02)/writing (AH=03) 的标准 Int 13h 磁盘子函数。