将结构转换为数组

Casting a Struct to an Array

这是一个严格的别名问题,因为编译器会因此导致任何优化顺序问题。

假设我在 struct XMFLOAT3 中有三个 public float(与 this one 不同),我想转换为 float* .这会让我遇到优化问题吗?

XMFLOAT3 foo = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f};
auto bar = &foo.x;

bar[2] += 5.0f;
foo.z += 5.0f;
cout << foo.z;

我假设这将始终打印“13”。但是这段代码呢:

XMFLOAT3 foo = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f};
auto bar = reinterpret_cast<float*>(&foo);

bar[2] += 5.0f;
foo.z += 5.0f;
cout << foo.z;

我认为这是合法的,因为根据 http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/reinterpret_cast#Type_aliasing

T2 is an aggregate type or a union type which holds one of the aforementioned types as an element or non-static member (including, recursively, elements of subaggregates and non-static data members of the contained unions): this makes it safe to cast from the first member of a struct and from an element of a union to the struct/union that contains it.

我的理解正确吗?

显然这将成为依赖于 XMFLOAT3 的声明的实现。

完全正确;这与严格别名无关。

严格的别名规则要求相互别名的指针具有兼容的类型;
显然,float*float*.

兼容

XMFLOAT3*float*reinterpret_cast 没问题,因为:

9.2 [class.mem] 第 20 段:

If a standard-layout class object has any non-static data members, its address is the same as the address of its first non-static data member. Otherwise, its address is the same as the address of its first base class subobject (if any). [ Note: There might therefore be unnamed padding within a standard-layout struct object, but not at its beginning, as necessary to achieve appropriate alignment. — end note ]

这意味着第一个成员的地址是结构的地址,并且当您访问 *bar 时不涉及别名,因为您正在通过 float 类型的左值访问 float,很好。

不过也不需要强制转换,相当于第一个版本:

auto bar = &foo.x;

表达式 bar[2] 只有在结构成员之间没有填充的情况下才可以,或者更准确地说,如果数据成员的布局与数组相同 float[3],在这种情况下,3.9.2 [basic.compound] 第 3 段表示可以:

A valid value of an object pointer type represents either the address of a byte in memory (1.7) or a null pointer (4.10). If an object of type T is located at an address A, a pointer of type cv T* whose value is the address A is said to point to that object, regardless of how the value was obtained.

在实践中,没有理由不将相同类型的三个相邻非静态数据成员与数组布局相同(我认为 Itanium ABI 保证了这一点),但为了安全起见,您可以添加:

 static_assert(sizeof(XMFLOAT3)==sizeof(float[3]),
     "XMFLOAT3 layout must be compatible with float[3]");

或者偏执,或者如果z之后还有其他成员:

 static_assert(offsetof(XMFLOAT3, y)==sizeof(float)
               && offsetof(XMFLOAT3, z)==sizeof(float)*2,
     "XMFLOAT3 layout must be compatible with float[3]");

Obviously this will become implementation dependent on the declaration of XMFLOAT3.

是的,它依赖于它是一个标准布局 class 类型,以及它的数据成员的顺序和类型。

考虑一个相当智能的编译器:

XMFLOAT3 foo = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f}; 
auto bar = &foo.x;

bar[2] += 5.0f;
foo.z += 5.0f; // Since no previous expression referenced .z, I know .z==8.0
cout << foo.z; // So optimize this to a hardcoded cout << 8.0f

用已知结果代替变量访问和操作是一种常见的优化。在这里,优化器看到 .z 的三种用途:初始分配、增量和最终使用。它可以简单地确定这三个点的值,并替换它们。

因为结构成员不能重叠(与联合不同),从 .x 派生的 bar 不能重叠 .z,所以 .bar[2] 不能影响 .z

如您所见,完全正常的优化器可以产生 "wrong" 结果。