是什么导致了我的 NoClassDefFoundError？
What could be causing my NoClassDefFoundError?
我有一个包含 Web 服务的现有项目，我正在努力将 Drools 附加到该项目以处理提交给这些服务的业务规则。
在编译时单元测试中似乎一切正常，但是当我 运行 我的测试服务器上 Tomcat 7 容器中的项目时，我得到以下堆栈跟踪：
05/25/2017 13:38:53.052 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- Failed to process our request
05/25/2017 13:38:53.052 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- Could not initialize class org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieContainerImpl
05/25/2017 13:38:53.052 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- class java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError
05/25/2017 13:38:53.053 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieContainerImpl
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.newKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:135)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:101)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:79)
at com.myproject.rules.Engine.processRequest(Engine.java:19)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:366)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkCriticalErrorBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:291)
at com.myproject.helpers.WebServiceHelper.processWebServiceRequest(WebServiceHelper.java:184)
at com.myproject.webservicepackage.WebServiceImpl.webService(WebServiceImpl.java:40)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.performInvocation(AbstractInvoker.java:172)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.invoke(AbstractInvoker.java:88)
at org.apache.cxf.jaxws.JAXWSMethodInvoker.invoke(JAXWSMethodInvoker.java:63)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.invoke(AbstractInvoker.java:74)
at org.apache.cxf.interceptor.ServiceInvokerInterceptor.run(ServiceInvokerInterceptor.java:58)
at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Unknown Source)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.cxf.workqueue.SynchronousExecutor.execute(SynchronousExecutor.java:37)
at org.apache.cxf.interceptor.ServiceInvokerInterceptor.handleMessage(ServiceInvokerInterceptor.java:106)
at org.apache.cxf.phase.PhaseInterceptorChain.doIntercept(PhaseInterceptorChain.java:262)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.ChainInitiationObserver.onMessage(ChainInitiationObserver.java:123)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.http.AbstractHTTPDestination.invoke(AbstractHTTPDestination.java:206)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.ServletController.invokeDestination(ServletController.java:213)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.ServletController.invoke(ServletController.java:193)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.CXFNonSpringServlet.invoke(CXFNonSpringServlet.java:127)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.AbstractHTTPServlet.handleRequest(AbstractHTTPServlet.java:187)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.AbstractHTTPServlet.doPost(AbstractHTTPServlet.java:110)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:646)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.AbstractHTTPServlet.service(AbstractHTTPServlet.java:166)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:303)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:203)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:122)
at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:501)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:171)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:102)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:950)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:116)
at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:408)
at org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpProcessor.process(AjpProcessor.java:193)
at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:607)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(JIoEndpoint.java:314)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
我控制的最后一个线框，在com.myproject.rules.Engine.processRequest是
/**
* Runs a Request through the business rule engine
* @param request The input to validate
*/
public static KieSession processRequest(Request request) {
// load up the knowledge base
KieServices ks = KieServices.Factory.get();
KieContainer kContainer = ks.getKieClasspathContainer(); // <- Error happens here
// This name matches the ksessionname of the rules knowledge base in the kmodule.xml file
String kSessionName = "ksession-rules";
KieSession kSession = kContainer.newKieSession(kSessionName);
// ...process the rules...
}
我很困惑，因为 com.myproject.webservicepackage WAR 文件以 WEB-INF\lib\ 的方式包含 Drools JAR，并且最后几帧与class Java 无法找到其定义。
我在库文件夹中看到的 Drools JAR 是：
- drools-compiler-6.5.0.Final.jar
- drools-core-6.5.0.Final.jar
- kie-api-6.5.0.Final.jar
- kie-internal-6.5.0.Final.jar
据我所知，它们之间没有重叠，第一个是有问题的库。
我继续调试，看来这只是第二次及以后的请求遇到的错误。第一个请求返回此堆栈跟踪：
Caused by: java.lang.LinkageError: loader constraint violation: when resolving method "org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder.getLoggerFactory()Lorg/slf4j/ILoggerFactory;" the class loader (instance of org/apache/catalina/loader/WebappClassLoader) of the current class, org/slf4j/LoggerFactory, and the class loader (instance of org/apache/catalina/loader/StandardClassLoader) for resolved class, org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder, have different Class objects for the type LoggerFactory; used in the signature
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getILoggerFactory(LoggerFactory.java:299)
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:269)
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:281)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieContainerImpl.<clinit>(KieContainerImpl.java:92)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.newKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:135)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:101)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:79)
at com.myproject.helpers.rules.Engine.processRequest(Engine.java:19)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:366)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkCriticalErrorBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:291)
at com.myproject.helpers.WebServiceHelper.processWebServiceRequest(WebServiceHelper.java:184)
at com.myproject.webservicepackage.WebServiceImpl.webService(WebServiceImpl.java:40)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.performInvocation(AbstractInvoker.java:172)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.invoke(AbstractInvoker.java:88)
... 37 more
它似乎正在缓存此失败，因为没有 class 定义。
这条消息：
java.lang.LinkageError: loader constraint violation: when resolving method "org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder.getLoggerFactory()Lorg/slf4j/ILoggerFactory;" the class loader of the current class, org/slf4j/LoggerFactory, and the class loader for resolved class, org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder, have different Class objects for the type LoggerFactory; used in the signature
...表示我项目中的SLF4J 版本之间存在冲突。该库由我正在使用的某些依赖项以及 Tomcat 容器本身提供。我使用 Maven 通过 运行:
找到了使用 SLF4J 的神器
mvn dependency:tree -Dverbose -Dincludes=org.slf4j
这让我得到了一个依赖关系树，显示了 SLF4J 的使用位置：
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building business-rules 3.4-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ business-rules ---
[INFO] com.myproject:business-rules:jar:3.4-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] +- org.kie:kie-api:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] | \- org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile
[INFO] +- org.drools:drools-core:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] | +- org.kie:kie-internal:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] | | \- (org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile - omitted for duplicate)
[INFO] | \- (org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile - omitted for duplicate)
[INFO] \- org.drools:drools-compiler:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] \- (org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile - omitted for duplicate)
我能够通过修改项目的 Maven POM 以在这三个依赖项中的每一个中排除 SLF4J 来删除此处引入的版本：
<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>org.kie</groupId>
<artifactId>kie-api</artifactId>
<version>${drools.version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.drools</groupId>
<artifactId>drools-core</artifactId>
<version>${drools.version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.drools</groupId>
<artifactId>drools-compiler</artifactId>
<version>${drools.version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>
然后为了让它在本地构建和测试，我仍然必须在同一个项目中添加对 SLF4J 的显式编译时依赖，以及导入它的那个，让 Maven 知道Tomcat 容器将在运行时提供依赖：
<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.2</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>
这些更改似乎解决了我的问题。
我有一个包含 Web 服务的现有项目，我正在努力将 Drools 附加到该项目以处理提交给这些服务的业务规则。
在编译时单元测试中似乎一切正常，但是当我 运行 我的测试服务器上 Tomcat 7 容器中的项目时，我得到以下堆栈跟踪：
05/25/2017 13:38:53.052 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- Failed to process our request
05/25/2017 13:38:53.052 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- Could not initialize class org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieContainerImpl
05/25/2017 13:38:53.052 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- class java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError
05/25/2017 13:38:53.053 (EDT):[com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules]:[SEVERE]- java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieContainerImpl
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.newKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:135)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:101)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:79)
at com.myproject.rules.Engine.processRequest(Engine.java:19)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:366)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkCriticalErrorBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:291)
at com.myproject.helpers.WebServiceHelper.processWebServiceRequest(WebServiceHelper.java:184)
at com.myproject.webservicepackage.WebServiceImpl.webService(WebServiceImpl.java:40)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.performInvocation(AbstractInvoker.java:172)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.invoke(AbstractInvoker.java:88)
at org.apache.cxf.jaxws.JAXWSMethodInvoker.invoke(JAXWSMethodInvoker.java:63)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.invoke(AbstractInvoker.java:74)
at org.apache.cxf.interceptor.ServiceInvokerInterceptor.run(ServiceInvokerInterceptor.java:58)
at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Unknown Source)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.cxf.workqueue.SynchronousExecutor.execute(SynchronousExecutor.java:37)
at org.apache.cxf.interceptor.ServiceInvokerInterceptor.handleMessage(ServiceInvokerInterceptor.java:106)
at org.apache.cxf.phase.PhaseInterceptorChain.doIntercept(PhaseInterceptorChain.java:262)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.ChainInitiationObserver.onMessage(ChainInitiationObserver.java:123)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.http.AbstractHTTPDestination.invoke(AbstractHTTPDestination.java:206)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.ServletController.invokeDestination(ServletController.java:213)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.ServletController.invoke(ServletController.java:193)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.CXFNonSpringServlet.invoke(CXFNonSpringServlet.java:127)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.AbstractHTTPServlet.handleRequest(AbstractHTTPServlet.java:187)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.AbstractHTTPServlet.doPost(AbstractHTTPServlet.java:110)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:646)
at org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.AbstractHTTPServlet.service(AbstractHTTPServlet.java:166)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:303)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:203)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:122)
at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:501)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:171)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:102)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:950)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:116)
at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:408)
at org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpProcessor.process(AjpProcessor.java:193)
at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:607)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(JIoEndpoint.java:314)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
我控制的最后一个线框，在com.myproject.rules.Engine.processRequest是
/**
* Runs a Request through the business rule engine
* @param request The input to validate
*/
public static KieSession processRequest(Request request) {
// load up the knowledge base
KieServices ks = KieServices.Factory.get();
KieContainer kContainer = ks.getKieClasspathContainer(); // <- Error happens here
// This name matches the ksessionname of the rules knowledge base in the kmodule.xml file
String kSessionName = "ksession-rules";
KieSession kSession = kContainer.newKieSession(kSessionName);
// ...process the rules...
}
我很困惑，因为 com.myproject.webservicepackage WAR 文件以 WEB-INF\lib\ 的方式包含 Drools JAR，并且最后几帧与class Java 无法找到其定义。
我在库文件夹中看到的 Drools JAR 是：
- drools-compiler-6.5.0.Final.jar
- drools-core-6.5.0.Final.jar
- kie-api-6.5.0.Final.jar
- kie-internal-6.5.0.Final.jar
据我所知，它们之间没有重叠，第一个是有问题的库。
我继续调试，看来这只是第二次及以后的请求遇到的错误。第一个请求返回此堆栈跟踪：
Caused by: java.lang.LinkageError: loader constraint violation: when resolving method "org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder.getLoggerFactory()Lorg/slf4j/ILoggerFactory;" the class loader (instance of org/apache/catalina/loader/WebappClassLoader) of the current class, org/slf4j/LoggerFactory, and the class loader (instance of org/apache/catalina/loader/StandardClassLoader) for resolved class, org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder, have different Class objects for the type LoggerFactory; used in the signature
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getILoggerFactory(LoggerFactory.java:299)
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:269)
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:281)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieContainerImpl.<clinit>(KieContainerImpl.java:92)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.newKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:135)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:101)
at org.drools.compiler.kie.builder.impl.KieServicesImpl.getKieClasspathContainer(KieServicesImpl.java:79)
at com.myproject.helpers.rules.Engine.processRequest(Engine.java:19)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:366)
at com.myproject.helpers.BusinessRuleHelper.checkCriticalErrorBusinessRules(BusinessRuleHelper.java:291)
at com.myproject.helpers.WebServiceHelper.processWebServiceRequest(WebServiceHelper.java:184)
at com.myproject.webservicepackage.WebServiceImpl.webService(WebServiceImpl.java:40)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.performInvocation(AbstractInvoker.java:172)
at org.apache.cxf.service.invoker.AbstractInvoker.invoke(AbstractInvoker.java:88)
... 37 more
它似乎正在缓存此失败，因为没有 class 定义。
这条消息：
java.lang.LinkageError: loader constraint violation: when resolving method "org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder.getLoggerFactory()Lorg/slf4j/ILoggerFactory;" the class loader of the current class,org/slf4j/LoggerFactory, and the class loader for resolved class,org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder, have different Class objects for the typeLoggerFactory; used in the signature
...表示我项目中的SLF4J 版本之间存在冲突。该库由我正在使用的某些依赖项以及 Tomcat 容器本身提供。我使用 Maven 通过 运行:
找到了使用 SLF4J 的神器mvn dependency:tree -Dverbose -Dincludes=org.slf4j
这让我得到了一个依赖关系树，显示了 SLF4J 的使用位置：
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building business-rules 3.4-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ business-rules ---
[INFO] com.myproject:business-rules:jar:3.4-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] +- org.kie:kie-api:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] | \- org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile
[INFO] +- org.drools:drools-core:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] | +- org.kie:kie-internal:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] | | \- (org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile - omitted for duplicate)
[INFO] | \- (org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile - omitted for duplicate)
[INFO] \- org.drools:drools-compiler:jar:6.5.0.Final:compile
[INFO] \- (org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.2:compile - omitted for duplicate)
我能够通过修改项目的 Maven POM 以在这三个依赖项中的每一个中排除 SLF4J 来删除此处引入的版本：
<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>org.kie</groupId>
<artifactId>kie-api</artifactId>
<version>${drools.version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.drools</groupId>
<artifactId>drools-core</artifactId>
<version>${drools.version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.drools</groupId>
<artifactId>drools-compiler</artifactId>
<version>${drools.version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>
然后为了让它在本地构建和测试，我仍然必须在同一个项目中添加对 SLF4J 的显式编译时依赖，以及导入它的那个，让 Maven 知道Tomcat 容器将在运行时提供依赖：
<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.2</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>
这些更改似乎解决了我的问题。