如何在Java中使用wait()和notify()?

How to use wait() and notify() in Java?

据我了解,当我希望当前线程停止工作直到另一个线程对同一个互斥对象调用 notify() 时,我想在互斥对象上调用 wait()。这似乎不起作用。

我正在尝试打印线程 1-10。然后等待另一个线程打印 11-20。然后第一个线程将再次打印 21-30

Main.java

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Object mutex = 1;

        Thread child1 = new Thread(new Child1(mutex));
        Thread child2 = new Thread(new Child2(mutex));

        child1.start();
        child2.start();

    }

}

Child1.java

public class Child1 implements Runnable {
    Object mutex;

    public Child1(Object mutex){
        this.mutex = mutex;
    }

    public void run() {
        synchronized (mutex) {
            for(int c = 0; c < 10; c++){
                System.out.println(c+1);
            }

            try {
                wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }


        for(int c = 20; c < 31; c++){
            System.out.println(c+1);
        }
    }
}

Child2.java

public class Child2 implements Runnable {
    Object mutex;

    public Child2(Object mutex) {
        this.mutex = mutex;
    }

    public void run() {
        synchronized (mutex) {
            for (int c = 11; c < 21; c++) {
                System.out.println(c);
            }
            notify();
        }

    }
}

输出

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17Exception in thread "Thread-0" 
18
19
20
Exception in thread "Thread-1" java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException
    at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method)
    at java.lang.Object.wait(Object.java:502)
    at task42.Child1.run(Child1.java:18)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException
    at java.lang.Object.notify(Native Method)
    at task42.Child2.run(Child2.java:15)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)

我错过了什么?

您必须将 mutex 引用添加到 wait()notify();即,将 wait() 更改为 mutex.wait(),将 notify() 更改为 mutex.notify()

如果没有这个,您将在 this 上呼叫 wait/notify(method() 等同于 this.method()

这是经过适当更改的代码:

Child1.java

public class Child1 implements Runnable {
    Object mutex;

    public Child1(Object mutex){
        this.mutex = mutex;
    }

    public void run() {
        synchronized (mutex) {
            for(int c = 0; c < 10; c++){
                System.out.println(c+1);
            }

            try {
                mutex.wait(); // Changed here
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }


        for(int c = 20; c < 31; c++){
            System.out.println(c+1);
        }
    }
}

Child2.java

public class Child2 implements Runnable {
    Object mutex;

    public Child2(Object mutex) {
        this.mutex = mutex;
    }

    public void run() {
        synchronized (mutex) {
            for (int c = 11; c < 21; c++) {
                System.out.println(c);
            }
            mutex.notify(); // Changed here
        }

    }
}

您的代码在几个方面失败了。

首先,不能保证第一个线程也将首先 运行。 (特别是在多核上,很有可能 运行 并行)。所以如果第二个线程先进入Child2.run()synchronized块,它会在第一个线程进入等待状态之前调用mutex.notify()。结果,第一个线程将永远留在mutex.wait()

其次,wait() / notify() 不被认为直接用作线程握手机制。这只有在您可以保证第一个线程在 第二个线程调用 notify() 之前调用 wait() 时才有效。通常,你不能。

相反,应该使用wait()来等待某个条件变为真。条件通常由另一个线程更改,该线程通过调用 notifyAll() 通知等待线程。所以握手机制是条件,而不是 wait / notify:

// 1st thread:
synchronized (lock) {
    while (!condition) {
        lock.wait();
    }
    // continue
}

// 2nd thread:
synchronized {
    condition = true;
    lock.notifyAll();
}

wait() / notify()notifyAll() 的任何其他使用模式都是错误的! 总是 在循环内调用 wait() 也很重要,因为线程可能会偶然唤醒 - 即使没有 notify()notifyAll()

使用wait()/notifyAll()

因此,在您的情况下,您可以将 wait()notifyAll() 与阶段变量结合使用:

public class Mutex {
    static final Object lock = new Object();
    static int stage = 1;

    static void first() throws InterruptedException {
        synchronized (lock) {
            // we're already in stage 1
            for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) System.out.println(i);

            // enter stage 2
            stage = 2;
            lock.notifyAll();

            // wait for stage 3
            while (stage != 3) { lock.wait(); }

            // now we're in stage 3
            for(int i = 20; i < 30; ++i) System.out.println(i);
        }
    }

    static void second() throws InterruptedException {
        synchronized (lock) {
            // wait for stage 2
            while (stage != 2) { lock.wait(); }

            // now we're in stage 2
            for(int i = 20; i < 30; ++i) System.out.println(i);

            // enter stage 3
            stage = 3;
            lock.notifyAll();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            public void run() {
                try {
                    Mutex.first();
                } catch (InterruptedException ex) { }
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            public void run() {
                try {
                    Mutex.second();
                } catch (InterruptedException ex) { }
            }
        }).start();
    }
}