函数模板(它是 class 模板的成员)的显式特化会产生 "partial specialization is not allowed" 错误,为什么?

explicit specialization of a function template (which is a member of a class template) produces "partial specialization is not allowed" error, why?

我正在研究Visual Studio 2015 community edition

假设我有一个像这样的简单 class:
(下面的示例 "should be" 是可编译的,因为它包含所有必要的东西,不幸的是,它会产生错误)。

#include <stdexcept>

template <typename T>
class class_foo
{
// members, methods, constructors. not important stuff...

// helper functions:
private:
    class tag_aaa {}; // to resolve few things at compile-time, not run-time.
    class tag_bbb {}; // - || -

    template <typename tag>
    void erase();

    // for some reason this is not interpreted as an error by my compiler:
    template<>
    void erase<tag_aaa>();

    template<>
    void erase<tag_bbb>();
};

// catch-all-do-nothing "version"
// well, catch-all-throw-an-exception because call to this function is an obvious error.
// that should never occur.
template <typename T>
template <typename tag> inline
void class_foo<T>::erase()
{
    throw std::runtime_error("Very weird error...");
}

template <>
template <typename T> inline
void class_foo<T>::erase<class_foo<T>::tag_aaa>()
{
    // do some stuff... 
}

template <>
template <typename T> inline
void class_foo<T>::erase<class_foo<T>::tag_bbb>()
{
    // do some stuff... 
}

int main()
{
    class_foo<double> bar;

    return 0;
}

错误:

1>D:/develop/workspace/visual_studio/nevada_test_site/source/workspace/nevada_test_site/start.cu(36): error : partial specialization of class "class_foo<T>::erase<class_foo<T>::tag_aaa> [with T=T]" is not allowed

1>D:/develop/workspace/visual_studio/nevada_test_site/source/workspace/nevada_test_site/start.cu(43): error : partial specialization of class "class_foo<T>::erase<class_foo<T>::tag_bbb> [with T=T]" is not allowed

1>D:/develop/workspace/visual_studio/nevada_test_site/source/workspace/nevada_test_site/start.cu(51): warning : variable "bar" was declared but never referenced

我认为自己是一名初级爱好者程序员,所以我当然错了,但我相信 erase<class_foo<T>::tag_aaa>()erase<class_foo<T>::tag_bbb>() 都是 template <typename tag> void erase(); 函数的显式特化。因此,它们是被允许的。我认为这个错误是由于一些错误的语法造成的,但我找不到错误。

问题:

它看起来像是模板函数的完全特化,但它仍然是部分特化,因此出现编译错误。

这是为什么?嗯,看看这个专业:

template <>
template <typename T>
inline void class_foo<T>::erase<class_foo<T>::tag_bbb>() {
    // do some stuff...
}

你说是显式特化,但还有模板参数要填!还有参数 T 还不知道。那么专精……那还是模板?那是部分专业化!

出于多种原因,函数的部分特化是不允许的。其中之一是它不能很好地处理重载。

为了有效地特化函数,你必须不留下任何模板参数,像这样:

template<>
template<>
inline void class_foo<int>::erase<class_foo<int>::tag_bbb>() {
    // do some stuff...
}

但这不是你想要的。


这是我解决这个问题的方法。使用重载而不是专门化:

template<typename T>
struct class_foo {

private:
    struct tag_aaa {};
    struct tag_bbb {};

    void erase(tag_aaa) {
        // Stuff when tag_aaa
    }

    void erase(tag_bbb) {
        // Stuff when tag_bbb
    }
};

而不是像这样调用那些:

erase<tag_aaa>(); // with specialization

您必须这样调用它:

erase(tag_aaa{}); // with overloading