哪个 TCP/IP 层提供 QoS?

Which TCP/IP layer provides QoS?

TCP/IP 模型中的哪一层提供服务质量 (QoS)?我对第 2 层和第 3 层感到困惑?

根据 Computer Networks, by Andrew S. Tanenbaum,服务质量由网络层(第 3 层)提供。

A stream of packets from a source to a destination is called a flow (Clark, 1988). A flow might be all the packets of a connection in a connection-oriented network, or all the packets sent from one process to another process in a connectionless network. The needs of each flow can be characterized by four primary parameters: bandwidth, delay, jitter, and loss. Together, these determine the QoS (Quality of Service) the flow requires.

Computer Networks - Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 5th Edition, Chapter 5 (The Network Layer), Section 5.4 (Quality of Service), p. 404

任何层都可以区分不同的服务质量。第 2 层和第 3 层提供“尽力而为”的交付,其中 QoS 可以影响相对的工作量。有许多第 2 层技术,但以太网无疑是一种流行的技术。以太标准委员会发布了各种 QoS 规范,包括 IEEE P802.1p。还有很多其他的。有时排队纪律(数据包丢弃策略)很有趣,有时保留承诺 bit-rate 是目标。

QoS 字段从一开始就被纳入第 3 层 IP headers -- 请参阅 https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791#page-12

中的服务类型