在 Web 注释数据模型中使用 RDF 语句作为正文？

Question

我正在尝试使用 Web Annotation Data Model (WADM) 在 RDF 语句中添加出处信息。

为了澄清问题，我的 ontology 中的每个 RDF 语句（典型的主谓宾三元组）都是根据特定自由文本片段提供的知识创建的。我想在每个 RDF 语句上创建一个 WADM Annotation，将 RDF 语句本身 作为 Body 并指向相应的自由文本片段作为 Target。

我使用 Text Quote Selectors 很清楚指向自由文本片段作为目标。但是，我似乎找不到使用 RDF 语句本身注释自由文本代码的示例。

谁能给我举个例子，说明如何使用 Protege 完成此操作？

Answer 1

WADM 不会限制您 body 可能的情况。根据 anno.jsonld，body 应扩展为 oa:hasBody。 oa:hasBody的declaration不限制其rdfs:range.

oa:hasBody a rdf:Property ;
  rdfs:label "hasBody" ;
  rdfs:domain oa:Annotation ;
  rdfs:isDefinedBy oa: .

因此，您可以使用 rdf:Statement:

{
  "@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/anno.jsonld" ,
  "id": "http://example.org/annotation12345",
  "type": "Annotation",
  "body": {
    "id": "http://example.org/statement12345",
    "type": "rdf:Statement",
    "rdf:subject": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Great_Britain",
    "rdf:predicate": "http://dbpedia.org/ontology/capital",
    "rdf:object": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/London"
  },
  "target": {
    "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London",
    "selector": {
      "type": "TextQuoteSelector",
      "exact": "London is a capital of Great Britain",
      "prefix": ". ",
      "suffix": ". "
    }
  }
}

Can anybody point me to an example on how could this be done with Protege?

Protégé 不是 RDF 编辑器。 RDF 是 OWL 序列化的抽象语法。 JSON-LD 可用作 RDF 序列化的具体语法。

但是，如果你想使用Protégé作为RDF编辑器，下面的ontology将被序列化为类似于JSON-LD上面的JSON-LD：

Prefix: owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
Prefix: rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
Prefix: rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
Prefix: xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
Prefix: xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
Prefix: dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
Prefix: dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
Prefix: oa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>
Prefix: ex: <http://example.org/>

Ontology: <http://example.org/>

# Import: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
# Import: <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>

ObjectProperty: oa:hasBody
ObjectProperty: oa:hasTarget
ObjectProperty: oa:hasSelector

DataProperty: oa:hasSource
DataProperty: oa:prefix
DataProperty: oa:exact
DataProperty: oa:suffix

ObjectProperty: rdf:subject
ObjectProperty: rdf:object
ObjectProperty: rdf:predicate  


Class: oa:Annotation  
Class: oa:TextQuoteSelector
Class: rdf:Statement

Individual: ex:annotation12345
    Facts:
        oa:hasBody ex:statement12345,
        oa:hasTarget ex:target12345
    Types: 
        oa:Annotation

Individual: ex:statement12345
    Facts: 
        rdf:object dbr:London,
        rdf:predicate dbo:capital,
        rdf:subject dbr:Great_Britain
    Types: 
        rdf:Statement

Individual: ex:target12345
    Facts: 
        oa:hasSelector ex:selector12345,
        oa:hasSource "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"

Individual: ex:selector12345
    Facts: 
        oa:suffix ". ",
        oa:prefix ". ",
        oa:exact "London is a capital of Great Britain"
    Types:
        oa:TextQuoteSelector

Individual: dbo:capital
Individual: dbr:Great_Britain
Individual: dbr:London

有很多限制。例如，在上面的 ontology 中，您的 RDF 语句的对象不能是文字。如果将 rdf:object 声明为数据类型属性，它们可以是文字，但它们不能是具有 URI 的对象。此限制的原因是 Protégé 不是 OWL 完整编辑器，而是 OWL 2 DL 编辑器。

作为解决方法，您可以声明并使用 rdf:subject、rdf:object 和 rdf:predicate 作为注释属性：

Prefix: owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
Prefix: rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
Prefix: rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
Prefix: xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
Prefix: xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
Prefix: dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
Prefix: dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
Prefix: oa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>
Prefix: ex: <http://example.org/>

Ontology: <http://example.org/>

# Import: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
# Import: <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>

ObjectProperty: oa:hasBody
ObjectProperty: oa:hasTarget
ObjectProperty: oa:hasSelector

DataProperty: oa:hasSource
DataProperty: oa:prefix
DataProperty: oa:exact
DataProperty: oa:suffix

AnnotationProperty: rdf:subject
AnnotationProperty: rdf:object
AnnotationProperty: rdf:predicate     

Class: oa:Annotation  
Class: oa:TextQuoteSelector
Class: rdf:Statement

Individual: ex:annotation12345
    Facts:
        oa:hasBody ex:statement12345,
        oa:hasTarget ex:target12345
    Types: 
        oa:Annotation

Individual: ex:statement12345
    Annotations: 
        rdf:object dbr:London,
        rdf:predicate dbo:capital,
        rdf:subject dbr:Great_Britain
    Types: 
        rdf:Statement

Individual: ex:target12345
    Facts: 
        oa:hasSelector ex:selector12345,
        oa:hasSource "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"

Individual: ex:selector12345
    Facts: 
        oa:suffix ". ",
        oa:prefix ". ",
        oa:exact "London is a capital of Great Britain"
    Types:
        oa:TextQuoteSelector

Individual: dbo:capital
Individual: dbr:Great_Britain
Individual: dbr:London

Answer 2

我想我通过使用 "hasTarget" 作为注释属性.

注释语句（例如 ObjectPropertyAssertion）找到了一个解决方法

例如，如果我想使用 RDF 语句 <Subject, Property, Object> 来注释位于 Internet 某处的目标 pdf，我将使用以下基本原理：

<ObjectPropertyAssertion>
        <Annotation>
            <AnnotationProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasTarget"/>
            <AnonymousIndividual nodeID="_:genid-f7b71d4c-657e-40bc-bc69-31fc3af8b603"/>
        </Annotation>
        <ObjectProperty IRI="<Predicate>"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="<Subject>"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="<Object>"/>
</ObjectPropertyAssertion>

<AnnotationAssertion>
    <AnnotationProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSource"/>
    <AnonymousIndividual nodeID="_:genid-0d456ba2-52b9-470d-ad70-efafbc06d261"/>
    <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI">source_url</Literal>
</AnnotationAssertion>

<ObjectPropertyAssertion>
        <ObjectProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSelector"/>
        <AnonymousIndividual nodeID="_:genid-f7b71d4c-657e-40bc-bc69-31fc3af8b603"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
</ObjectPropertyAssertion>

<ClassAssertion>
        <Class IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#TextQuoteSelector"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
</ClassAssertion>

<DataPropertyAssertion>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#exact"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#PlainLiteral">some text</Literal>
</DataPropertyAssertion>

 <DataPropertyAssertion>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#prefix"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#PlainLiteral">some prefix</Literal>
</DataPropertyAssertion>

<DataPropertyAssertion>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#suffix"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#PlainLiteral">some suffix</Literal>
</DataPropertyAssertion>

可以通过在每个属性断言（即原始 <Subject, Property, Object> 语句）的右侧使用“@”符号注释语句来在 "Property assertions" 查看。

我不太确定它是否完全合规，但我觉得还可以。

希望对其他人也有帮助。

编辑：示例 ontology 的完整版本，按要求由 protege 以 OWL/XML 格式直接制作。

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Ontology xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
     xml:base="http://www.semanticweb.org/example"
     xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
     xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
     xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
     xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
     ontologyIRI="http://www.semanticweb.org/example">
    <Prefix name="" IRI="http://www.semanticweb.org/example"/>
    <Prefix name="owl" IRI="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"/>
    <Prefix name="rdf" IRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
    <Prefix name="xml" IRI="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"/>
    <Prefix name="xsd" IRI="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"/>
    <Prefix name="rdfs" IRI="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
    <Import>http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#</Import>
    <Declaration>
        <AnnotationProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSource"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <ObjectProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSelector"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#exampleIndividual2"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#prefix"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <AnnotationProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasTarget"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#suffix"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#exampleIndividual"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#exact"/>
    </Declaration>
    <Declaration>
        <ObjectProperty IRI="#exampleProperty"/>
    </Declaration>
    <ClassAssertion>
        <Class IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#TextQuoteSelector"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
    </ClassAssertion>
    <ObjectPropertyAssertion>
        <Annotation>
            <AnnotationProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasTarget"/>
            <AnonymousIndividual nodeID="_:genid36"/>
        </Annotation>
        <ObjectProperty IRI="#exampleProperty"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#exampleIndividual2"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#exampleIndividual"/>
    </ObjectPropertyAssertion>
    <ObjectPropertyAssertion>
        <ObjectProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSelector"/>
        <AnonymousIndividual nodeID="_:genid36"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
    </ObjectPropertyAssertion>
    <DataPropertyAssertion>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#exact"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#PlainLiteral">some text</Literal>
    </DataPropertyAssertion>
    <DataPropertyAssertion>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#prefix"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#PlainLiteral">some prefix</Literal>
    </DataPropertyAssertion>
    <DataPropertyAssertion>
        <DataProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#suffix"/>
        <NamedIndividual IRI="#selector_1"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#PlainLiteral">some suffix</Literal>
    </DataPropertyAssertion>
    <AnnotationAssertion>
        <AnnotationProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSource"/>
        <AnonymousIndividual nodeID="_:genid36"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#PlainLiteral">source_url</Literal>
    </AnnotationAssertion>
    <AnnotationAssertion>
        <AnnotationProperty IRI="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSource"/>
        <AnonymousIndividual nodeID="_:genid37"/>
        <Literal datatypeIRI="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI">source_url</Literal>
    </AnnotationAssertion>
</Ontology>



<!-- Generated by the OWL API (version 4.2.8.20170104-2310) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi -->

在 Web 注释数据模型中使用 RDF 语句作为正文？

Using RDF statements as body in Web Annotation Data Model?

rdf

semantic-web

protege