Python: 如何使用 urllib 或从公司域(防火墙、代理、cntlm 等)请求模块

Python: How can I use urllib or requests modules from a corporate domain (firewall, proxy, cntlm etc)

我正在尝试执行以下操作:

from urllib.request import urlopen
data = urlopen("https://www.duolingo.com/users/SaifullahS6").read()

我收到以下错误:

URLError: <urlopen error [WinError 10060] A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond>

同样,当我尝试这样做时:

import requests
session = requests.Session()
data = {"login": "SaifullahS6", "password": "mypassword"}
req = requests.Request('POST', "https://www.duolingo.com/login", data=data,         
cookies=session.cookies)
prepped=req.prepare()
returned = session.send(prepped)

我得到:

ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='www.duolingo.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /login (Caused by NewConnectionError('<requests.packages.urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x000000000E6948D0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [WinError 10060] A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond',))

我不确定如何提供我的互联网连接的详细信息。

我什至不需要直接回答我的问题;在这一点上,我只是想清楚地了解幕后实际发生的事情。非常感谢任何帮助!

对于上面的第一种情况(urllib 模块),我通过在 data = urlopen(...).read() 行之前插入以下行来解决它:

proxies = { "http": "localhost:3128",
            "https": "localhost:3128"}
proxy = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxies)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy)
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

对于第二种情况(requests 模块),除最后一行外其他都一样:

proxies = { "http": "localhost:3128",
            "https": "localhost:3128"}
returned = session.send(prepped, proxies=proxies)

希望此说明对浏览此页面的其他人有所帮助。