等待多个并发 await 操作

Waiting for more than one concurrent await operation

如何更改以下代码以便触发两个异步操作并有机会同时 运行?

const value1 = await getValue1Async();
const value2 = await getValue2Async();
// use both values

我需要做这样的事情吗?

const p1 = getValue1Async();
const p2 = getValue2Async();
const value1 = await p1;
const value2 = await p2;
// use both values

我认为这应该可行:

 const [value1, value2] = await Promise.all([getValue1Async(),getValue2Async()]);

下面是一个更详细的示例,以防有助于理解:

const promise1 = async() => {
  return 3;
}

const promise2 = async() => {
  return 42;
}

const promise3 = async() => {
  return 500;
  // emulate an error
  // throw "something went wrong...";
}

const f1 = async() => {

  try {
    // returns an array of values
    const results = await Promise.all([promise1(), promise2(), promise3()]);
    console.log(results);
    console.log(results[0]);
    console.log(results[1]);
    console.log(results[2]);

    // assigns values to individual variables through 'array destructuring'
    const [value1, value2, value3] = await Promise.all([promise1(), promise2(), promise3()]);

    console.log(value1);
    console.log(value2);
    console.log(value3);

  } catch (err) {
    console.log("there was an error: " + err);
  }

}

f1();

TL;DR

不要在获取promises的问题中使用模式,然后单独等待它们;相反,使用 Promise.all(至少现在):

const [value1, value2] = await Promise.all([getValue1Async(), getValue2Async()]);

虽然您的解决方案 运行 这两个操作是并行的,但如果两个承诺都拒绝,它就无法正确处理拒绝。

详情:

您的解决方案 运行 并行处理它们,但总是等待第一个完成,然后再等待第二个。 如果你只是想启动它们,运行它们并行,并得到两个结果,那很好。 (不,不是,保持正在阅读...) 请注意,如果第一个需要(比方说)五秒钟完成,而第二个在一秒钟内失败,您的代码将等待整整五秒钟然后失败。

可悲的是,目前没有 await 语法来进行并行等待,所以你有你列出的尴尬,或者 Promise.all。 (虽然有 been discussion of await.all or similar,也许有一天。)

Promise.all版本是:

const [value1, value2] = await Promise.all([getValue1Async(), getValue2Async()]);

...更简洁,如果第二个操作很快失败,也不会等待第一个操作完成(例如,在我上面的五秒/一秒示例中,上面将在一秒钟内拒绝而不是等待五个)。另请注意,对于您的原始代码,如果第二个承诺在第一个承诺解决之前被拒绝,您可能会在控制台中收到 "unhandled rejection" 错误(您目前使用 Chrome v61; 更新: 较新的版本有 ), although that error is arguably spurious (because you do, eventually, handle the rejection, in that this code is clearly in an async function¹ and so that function will hook rejection and make its promise reject with it) (update: again, )。但是如果 both 承诺拒绝,你会得到一个真正的未处理的拒绝错误,因为控制流永远不会达到 const value2 = await p2;,因此 p2 拒绝永远不会被处理。

未处理的拒绝是一件坏事™(如此之多以至于很快,Node.js 将中止真正未处理的拒绝的过程,就像未处理的异常一样——因为它们就是这样),所以最好避免"get the promise then await it" 你问题中的模式。

这是失败情况下时间差异的示例(使用 500 毫秒和 100 毫秒而不是 5 秒和 1 秒),也可能是有争议的虚假未处理拒绝错误(打开 real 浏览器控制台看看吧):

const getValue1Async = () => {
  return new Promise(resolve => {
    setTimeout(resolve, 500, "value1");
  });
};
const getValue2Async = () => {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(reject, 100, "error");
  });
};

// This waits the full 500ms before failing, because it waits
// on p1, then on p2
(async () => {
  try {
    console.time("separate");
    const p1 = getValue1Async();
    const p2 = getValue2Async();
    const value1 = await p1;
    const value2 = await p2;
  } catch (e) {
    console.error(e);
  }
  console.timeEnd("separate");
})();

// This fails after just 100ms, because it doesn't wait for p1
// to finish first, it rejects as soon as p2 rejects
setTimeout(async () => {
  try {
    console.time("Promise.all");
    const [value1, value2] = await Promise.all([getValue1Async(), getValue2Async()]);
  } catch (e) {
    console.timeEnd("Promise.all", e);
  }
}, 1000);
Open the real browser console to see the unhandled rejection error.

这里我们拒绝 p1p2,导致 p2:

出现非虚假的未处理拒绝错误

const getValue1Async = () => {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(reject, 500, "error1");
  });
};
const getValue2Async = () => {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(reject, 100, "error2");
  });
};

// This waits the full 500ms before failing, because it waits
// on p1, then on p2
(async () => {
  try {
    console.time("separate");
    const p1 = getValue1Async();
    const p2 = getValue2Async();
    const value1 = await p1;
    const value2 = await p2;
  } catch (e) {
    console.error(e);
  }
  console.timeEnd("separate");
})();

// This fails after just 100ms, because it doesn't wait for p1
// to finish first, it rejects as soon as p2 rejects
setTimeout(async () => {
  try {
    console.time("Promise.all");
    const [value1, value2] = await Promise.all([getValue1Async(), getValue2Async()]);
  } catch (e) {
    console.timeEnd("Promise.all", e);
  }
}, 1000);
Open the real browser console to see the unhandled rejection error.


在您提出的评论中:

Side question: will the following force waiting for both (and discarding the results) await p1 && await p2?

这与您的原始代码在承诺拒绝方面存在相同的问题:它会等到 p1 解决,即使 p2 更早拒绝;如果 p2p1 解决之前拒绝,它可能会产生一个有争议的虚假 (update: ) 未处理的拒绝错误;如果 p1p2 都拒绝(因为从未处理 p2 的拒绝),它会生成一个真正的未处理拒绝错误。

这里是 p1 解决而 p2 拒绝的情况:

const getValue1Async = () => {
  return new Promise(resolve => {
    setTimeout(resolve, 500, false);
  });
};
const getValue2Async = () => {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(reject, 100, "error");
  });
};

(async () => {
  try {
    const p1 = getValue1Async();
    const p2 = getValue2Async();
    console.log("waiting");
    await p1 && await p2;
  } catch (e) {
    console.error(e);
  }
  console.log("done waiting");
})();
Look in the real console (for the unhandled rejection error).

...并且两者都拒绝:

const getValue1Async = () => {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(reject, 500, "error1");
  });
};
const getValue2Async = () => {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(reject, 100, "error2");
  });
};

(async () => {
  try {
    const p1 = getValue1Async();
    const p2 = getValue2Async();
    console.log("waiting");
    await p1 && await p2;
  } catch (e) {
    console.error(e);
  }
  console.log("done waiting");
})();
Look in the real console (for the unhandled rejection error).


¹ "...此代码显然在 async 函数中..." 在 2017 年编写此问答时确实如此。从此,top-level awaithappened/is发生了。

使用 .catch() 和 Promise.all()

确保您正确处理拒绝,并且您可以安全地使用 Promises.all() 而不会遇到未处理的拒绝。 (编辑:每个讨论的澄清:不是错误 unhandled rejection,而是代码未处理的简单拒绝。Promise.all() 将抛出第一个承诺拒绝,并将 忽略 其余)。

在下面的示例中,返回了一个 [[error, results], ...] 数组,以便于处理结果 and/or 错误。

let myTimeout = (ms, is_ok) =>
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => 
    setTimeout(_=> is_ok ? 
                   resolve(`ok in ${ms}`) :
                   reject(`error in ${ms}`),
               ms));

let handleRejection = promise => promise
  .then((...r) => [null, ...r])
  .catch(e => [e]); 

(async _=> {
  let res = await Promise.all([
    myTimeout(100, true),
    myTimeout(200, false),
    myTimeout(300, true),
    myTimeout(400, false)
  ].map(handleRejection));
  console.log(res);
})();

您可以从 catch() 中抛出以停止等待所有(并丢弃其余的结果),但是 - 您只能在每个 try/catch 块中执行一次,因此标志 has_thorwn 需要维护和检查以确保没有未处理的错误发生。

let myTimeout = (ms, is_ok) =>
  new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
    setTimeout(_=> is_ok ?
                   resolve(`ok in ${ms}`) :
                   reject(`error in ${ms}`),
               ms));

let has_thrown = false;

let handleRejection = promise => promise
  .then((...r) => [null, ...r])
  .catch(e => {
    if (has_thrown) {
      console.log('not throwing', e);
    } else {
      has_thrown = 1;
      throw e;
    }
  });

(async _=> {
  try {
    let res = await Promise.all([
      myTimeout(100, true),
      myTimeout(200, false),
      myTimeout(300, true),
      myTimeout(400, false)
    ].map(handleRejection));
    console.log(res);
  } catch(e) {
    console.log(e);
  }
  console.log('we are done');
})();

解决而不是承诺

const wait = (ms, data) => new Promise( resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms, data) )
const reject = (ms, data) => new Promise( (r, reject) => setTimeout(reject, ms, data) )
const e = e => 'err:' + e
const l = l => (console.log(l), l)

;(async function parallel() {

  let task1 = reject(500, 'parallelTask1').catch(e).then(l)
  let task2 = wait(2500, 'parallelTask2').catch(e).then(l)
  let task3 = reject(1500, 'parallelTask3').catch(e).then(l)

  console.log('WAITING')

  ;[task1, task2, task3] = [await task1, await task2,  await task3]

  console.log('FINISHED', task1, task2, task3)

})()

正如其他答案中所指出的,被拒绝的承诺可能会引发未处理的异常。
这个 .catch(e => e) 是一个巧妙的小技巧,可以捕获错误并将其传递到链中,从而允许 resolve 而不是 rejecting .

如果你觉得这个 ES6 代码丑陋,请看更友好的 here