Python 装饰器的 3 种类型提示

Python 3 type hinting for decorator

考虑以下代码:

from typing import Callable, Any

TFunc = Callable[..., Any]

def get_authenticated_user(): return "John"

def require_auth() -> Callable[TFunc, TFunc]:
    def decorator(func: TFunc) -> TFunc:
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> Any:
            user = get_authenticated_user()
            if user is None:
                raise Exception("Don't!")
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapper
    return decorator

@require_auth()
def foo(a: int) -> bool:
    return bool(a % 2)

foo(2)      # Type check OK
foo("no!")  # Type check failing as intended

这段代码按预期工作。现在想象我想扩展它,而不是仅仅执行 func(*args, **kwargs) 我想在参数中注入用户名。因此,我修改函数签名。

from typing import Callable, Any

TFunc = Callable[..., Any]

def get_authenticated_user(): return "John"

def inject_user() -> Callable[TFunc, TFunc]:
    def decorator(func: TFunc) -> TFunc:
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> Any:
            user = get_authenticated_user()
            if user is None:
                raise Exception("Don't!")
            return func(*args, user, **kwargs)  # <- call signature modified

        return wrapper

    return decorator


@inject_user()
def foo(a: int, username: str) -> bool:
    print(username)
    return bool(a % 2)


foo(2)      # Type check OK
foo("no!")  # Type check OK <---- UNEXPECTED

我想不出正确的输入方式。我知道在这个例子中,装饰函数和返回函数在技术上应该具有相同的签名(但即使这样也没有被检测到)。

你不能用Callable来说明任何附加参数;它们不是通用的。您唯一的选择是说您的装饰器采用 Callable 并且不同的 Callable 是 returned.

在你的情况下,你 可以 用 typevar 确定 return 类型:

RT = TypeVar('RT')  # return type

def inject_user() -> Callable[[Callable[..., RT]], Callable[..., RT]]:
    def decorator(func: Callable[..., RT]) -> Callable[..., RT]:
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> RT:
            # ...

即便如此,当您使用 reveal_type().

时,生成的修饰 foo() 函数的类型签名为 def (*Any, **Any) -> builtins.bool*

目前正在讨论使 Callable 更加灵活的各种提议,但这些提议尚未实现。参见

举一些例子。该列表中的最后一个是包含您的特定用例的伞票,更改可调用签名的装饰器:

Mess with the return type or with arguments

For an arbitrary function you can't do this at all yet -- there isn't even a syntax. Here's me making up some syntax for it.

PEP 612 在接受答案后被接受,我们现在在 Python 3.10 中有 typing.ParamSpectyping.Concatenate。有了这些变量,我们就可以正确的打出一些操作位置参数的装饰器了。

请注意,mypy 对 PEP 612 的支持仍在进行中 (tracking issue)。

有问题的代码可以这样输入(虽然由于上述原因未在 mypy 上测试)

from typing import Callable, ParamSpec, Concatenate, TypeVar

Param = ParamSpec("Param")
RetType = TypeVar("RetType")
OriginalFunc = Callable[Param, RetType]
DecoratedFunc = Callable[Concatenate[Param, str], RetType]

def get_authenticated_user(): return "John"

def inject_user() -> Callable[[OriginalFunc], DecoratedFunc]:
    def decorator(func: OriginalFunc) -> DecoratedFunc:
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> RetType:
            user = get_authenticated_user()
            if user is None:
                raise Exception("Don't!")
            return func(*args, user, **kwargs)  # <- call signature modified

        return wrapper

    return decorator


@inject_user()
def foo(a: int, username: str) -> bool:
    print(username)
    return bool(a % 2)


foo(2)      # Type check OK
foo("no!")  # Type check should fail

我在 Pyright 中对此进行了测试。

from typing import Any, Callable, Type, TypeVar

T = TypeVar('T')

def typing_decorator(rtype: Type[T]) -> Callable[..., Callable[..., T]]:
    """
    Useful function to typing a previously decorated func.
    ```
    @typing_decorator(rtype = int)
    @my_decorator()
    def my_func(a, b, *c, **d):
        ...
    ```
    In Pyright the return typing of my_func will be int.
    """
    def decorator(function: Any) -> Any:
        def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
            return function(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapper
    return decorator  # type: ignore

使用decohints库解决了问题:

pip install decohints

以下是它如何与您的代码一起工作:

from decohints import decohints


def get_authenticated_user():
    return "John"


@decohints
def inject_user():
    def decorator(func):
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            user = get_authenticated_user()
            if user is None:
                raise Exception("Don't!")
            return func(*args, user, **kwargs)  # <- call signature modified

        return wrapper

    return decorator


@inject_user()
def foo(a: int, username: str) -> bool:
    print(username)
    return bool(a % 2)

如果您在 PyCharm 中键入以下 foo() 并等待,它将显示 foo 函数参数提示 (a: int, username: str).

这里是 link 到 decohints 来源,还有其他解决此问题的选项:https://github.com/gri-gus/decohints