使用 lxml 解析命名空间 HTML?

Using lxml to parse namepaced HTML?

这让我快疯了,我已经为此苦苦挣扎了好几个小时。任何帮助将非常感激。

我正在使用 PyQuery 1.2.9 (which is built on top of lxml) to scrape this URL。我只想获得 .linkoutlist 部分中所有链接的列表。

这是我的完整请求:

response = requests.get('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The%20cost-effectiveness%20of%20mirtazapine%20versus%20paroxetine%20in%20treating%20people%20with%20depression%20in%20primary%20care')
doc = pq(response.content)
links = doc('#maincontent .linkoutlist a')
print links

但是 return 是一个空数组。如果我改为使用此查询:

links = doc('#maincontent .linkoutlist')

然后我得到这个 HTML:

<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" class="linkoutlist">
   <h4>Full Text Sources</h4>
   <ul>
      <li><a title="Full text at publisher's site" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0268-1315&amp;volume=19&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=125" ref="itool=Abstract&amp;PrId=3159&amp;uid=15107654&amp;db=pubmed&amp;log$=linkoutlink&amp;nlmid=8609061" target="_blank">Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins</a></li>
      <li><a href="http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&amp;PAGE=linkout&amp;SEARCH=15107654.ui" ref="itool=Abstract&amp;PrId=3682&amp;uid=15107654&amp;db=pubmed&amp;log$=linkoutlink&amp;nlmid=8609061" target="_blank">Ovid Technologies, Inc.</a></li>
   </ul>
   <h4>Other Literature Sources</h4>
   ...
</div>

所以父选择器 return HTML 有很多 <a> 标签。这似乎也是有效的 HTML。

更多的实验表明,出于某种原因,lxml 不喜欢开头 div 上的 xmlns 属性。

我怎样才能在 lxml 中忽略它,并像常规一样解析它 HTML?

更新:尝试ns_clean,仍然失败:

    parser = etree.XMLParser(ns_clean=True)
    tree = etree.parse(StringIO(response.content), parser)
    sel = CSSSelector('#maincontent .rprt_all a')
    print sel(tree)

如果我没记错的话,我自己前一段时间也遇到过类似的问题。您可以通过将名称空间映射到 None 来 "ignore" 名称空间,如下所示:

sel = CSSSelector('#maincontent .rprt_all a', namespaces={None: "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"})

祝你好运,让标准 XML/DOM 解析在大多数 HTML 上工作。您最好的选择是使用 BeautifulSouppip install beautifulsoup4easy_install beautifulsoup4),它对错误构建的结构有很多处理。也许是这样的?

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

response = requests.get('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The%20cost-effectiveness%20of%20mirtazapine%20versus%20paroxetine%20in%20treating%20people%20with%20depression%20in%20primary%20care')
bs = BeautifulSoup(response.content)
div = bs.find('div', class_='linkoutlist')
links = [ a['href'] for a in div.find_all('a') ]

>>> links
['http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0268-1315&volume=19&issue=3&spage=125', 'http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=linkout&SEARCH=15107654.ui', 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/e/pm/15107654?ln_t=p&ln_o=linkout', 'http://www.diseaseinfosearch.org/result/2199', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antidepressants.html', 'http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+24219-97-4']

我知道这不是您想要使用的库,但在涉及 DOM 时,我曾多次撞墙。 BeautifulSoup 的创建者已经规避了许多在野外容易发生的边缘情况。

您需要处理命名空间,包括一个空的。

工作解决方案:

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
import requests


response = requests.get('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The%20cost-effectiveness%20of%20mirtazapine%20versus%20paroxetine%20in%20treating%20people%20with%20depression%20in%20primary%20care')

namespaces = {'xi': 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude', 'test': 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'}
links = pq('#maincontent .linkoutlist test|a', response.content, namespaces=namespaces)
for link in links:
    print link.attrib.get("title", "No title")

打印与选择器匹配的所有链接的标题:

Full text at publisher's site
No title
Free resource
Free resource
Free resource
Free resource

或者,只需将 parser 设置为 "html" 并忘记命名空间:

links = pq('#maincontent .linkoutlist a', response.content, parser="html")
for link in links:
    print link.attrib.get("title", "No title")