Monte Carlo 方法。三重积分。 Python。 “+”的不支持的操作数父级

Monte Carlo Method. Triple Integral. Python. unsupported operand parent(s) for '+'

我尝试使用 Monte Carlo 方法近似三重积分 ∫∫∫xyzdV ,其中 S=[0,1]×[0,1]×[0,1]。 我有这个代码:

from numpy import *
import time
from scipy.integrate import tplquad
numpoints=100000 # number of random sample points
I2d=0.0     # initialize value
I2dsquare=0.0   # initialize to allow for calculation of variance
for n in xrange(numpoints):
  x=random.uniform()
  y=random.uniform()
  z=random.uniform()
  func = lambda x,y,z: x*y*z
  x1,x2 = 0, 1
  y1,y2 = lambda x: 0,lambda x: 1
  z1,z2 = lambda x, y: 0,lambda x, y: 1
  I2d += tplquad(func, x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2)
  I2dsquare += (tplquad(func, x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2))**2

I2d=I2d/numpoints
I2dsquare=I2dsquare/numpoints
EstimError=4*sqrt( (I2dsquare - I2d**2)/numpoints) # estimated error
I2d=4*I2d
print "Value:  %f" %I2d
print "Error estimate: %f" %EstimError

我有这个错误:

Traceback (most recent call last):    for n in xrange(numpoints):
File "", line 1, in <module>

File "/tmp/tmpx_9bf5/___code___.py", line 17, in <module>
  I2d += tplquad(func, x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2)
File "element.pyx", line 999, in    sage.structure.element.ModuleElement.__iadd__ (sage/structure/element.c:8285)
 File "coerce.pyx", line 797, in sage.structure.coerce.CoercionModel_cache_maps.bin_op (sage/structure/coerce.c:7467)
TypeError: unsupported operand parent(s) for '+': 'Real Field with 53 bits  of precision' and '<type 'tuple'>'

我知道这段代码中有不同的类型,但我不知道如何修复它。例如,如果我尝试对二次方程执行此代码,一切正常,但遗憾的是积分不起作用。

看这里:https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.15.1/reference/generated/scipy.integrate.tplquad.html

scipy.integrate.tplquad returns 一个元组 (y, abserr).

我想你想要这个:

I2d += tplquad(func, x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2)[0]

(我对这道题的数学理解不是很透,希望没有错。)