为什么 trace_printf("%f",x);在 STM32 MCU 上触发硬故障？
Why does trace_printf("%f",x); trigger a hard fault on an STM32 MCU?
我在 Eclipse 中使用带有 HAL 库的 STM32 F413ZH 微控制器（主要编写用于 C，但也可以用于 C++）。实际上，我设法完全配置了 Eclipse，包括半主机和调试模式 (OpenOCD)、基本项目文件，我还设法手动调整 STM32CubeMX 提供的基本项目文件以使用 C++。所以...现在我可以在 C++ Eclipse 环境中使用 HAL 库，并通过 OpenOCD 和 trace_printf trace_puts 使用半主机测试我的代码。
现在又一次，在设置 STM32 环境之后，我发现自己卡住了，但这次不同。
这 7 天以来，我一直在寻找解决问题的方法，并且尝试了很多网上类似问题的建议，但是 none 解决了我的问题。
好吧，在调试时在半主机中使用 trace_printf() 时，我遇到了一个严重的错误。如果我使用此函数通过半主机打印一个整数 (%d)，一切正常，我可以在 OpenOCD 控制台中读取打印值，但是当我尝试使用 %f 格式化程序打印一个值时，应该打印的数据不是'未显示在 OpenOCD 控制台中。
然后我读到为了启用浮点值的打印我需要将 -u _printf_float 添加到链接器标志，所以在添加标志后我尝试 trace_printf() 一个浮动值、整数值或任何数据类型，但它们都使用 %f 格式化程序，但我在 trace_printf().
中使用 %f 时一直遇到硬错误
[HardFault]
Stack frame:
R0 = 00666E69
R1 = 2004FE78
R2 = 2004FF00
R3 = 00666E69
R12 = F642D800
LR = 08005DE7
PC = 08006586
PSR = 01000000
FSR/FAR:
CFSR = 00008200
HFSR = 40000000
DFSR = 0000000A
AFSR = 00000000
BFAR = 00666E69
Misc
LR/EXC_RETURN= FFFFFFF9
通过逐步调试，调用这个函数后触发了hard fault handler: vsnprintf()
我正在使用这些链接器标志：
-T mem.ld -T libs.ld -T sections.ld -Xlinker --gc-sections -L"../ldscripts" -Wl,-Map,"ThreePhaseSignals.map" --specs=nano.specs -u _printf_float
我的项目设置是：
Project toolchains
Target processor settings
C++ preprocessor
Linker settings and flags
我的_sbrk.c是：
_sbrk.c
我的链接器文件是：
mem.ld 是：
mem.ld
而sections.ld是：
/*
* Default linker script for Cortex-M (it includes specifics for
STM32F[34]xx).
*
* To make use of the multi-region initialisations, define
* OS_INCLUDE_STARTUP_INIT_MULTIPLE_RAM_SECTIONS for the _startup.c file.
*/
/*
* The '__stack' definition is required by crt0, do not remove it.
*/
__stack = ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM);
_estack = __stack; /* STM specific definition */
/*
* Default stack sizes.
* These are used by the startup in order to allocate stacks
* for the different modes.
*/
__Main_Stack_Size = 1024;
PROVIDE ( _Main_Stack_Size = __Main_Stack_Size );
__Main_Stack_Limit = __stack - __Main_Stack_Size;
/* "PROVIDE" allows to easily override these values from an
* object file or the command line. */
PROVIDE(_Main_Stack_Limit = __Main_Stack_Limit);
/*
* There will be a link error if there is not this amount of
* RAM free at the end.
*/
_Minimum_Stack_Size = 256;
/*
* Default heap definitions.
* The heap start immediately after the last statically allocated
* .sbss/.noinit section, and extends up to the main stack limit.
*/
PROVIDE(_Heap_Begin = _end_noinit);
PROVIDE(_Heap_Limit = __stack - __Main_Stack_Size);
/*
* The entry point is informative, for debuggers and simulators,
* since the Cortex-M vector points to it anyway.
*/
ENTRY(_start)
/* Sections Definitions */
SECTIONS
{
/*
* For Cortex-M devices, the beginning of the startup code is stored in
* the .isr_vector section, which goes to FLASH.
*/
.isr_vector : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
__vectors_start = ABSOLUTE(.);
__vectors_start__ = ABSOLUTE(.); /* STM specific definition */
KEEP(*(.isr_vector)) /* Interrupt vectors */
KEEP(*(.cfmconfig)) /* Freescale configuration words */
/*
* This section is here for convenience, to store the
* startup code at the beginning of the flash area, hoping that
* this will increase the readability of the listing.
*/
*(.after_vectors .after_vectors.*) /* Startup code and ISR */
} >FLASH
.inits : ALIGN(4)
{
/*
* Memory regions initialisation arrays.
*
* Thee are two kinds of arrays for each RAM region, one for
* data and one for bss. Each is iterrated at startup and the
* region initialisation is performed.
*
* The data array includes:
* - from (LOADADDR())
* - region_begin (ADDR())
* - region_end (ADDR()+SIZEOF())
*
* The bss array includes:
* - region_begin (ADDR())
* - region_end (ADDR()+SIZEOF())
*
* WARNING: It is mandatory that the regions are word aligned,
* since the initialisation code works only on words.
*/
__data_regions_array_start = .;
LONG(LOADADDR(.data));
LONG(ADDR(.data));
LONG(ADDR(.data)+SIZEOF(.data));
LONG(LOADADDR(.data_CCMRAM));
LONG(ADDR(.data_CCMRAM));
LONG(ADDR(.data_CCMRAM)+SIZEOF(.data_CCMRAM));
__data_regions_array_end = .;
__bss_regions_array_start = .;
LONG(ADDR(.bss));
LONG(ADDR(.bss)+SIZEOF(.bss));
LONG(ADDR(.bss_CCMRAM));
LONG(ADDR(.bss_CCMRAM)+SIZEOF(.bss_CCMRAM));
__bss_regions_array_end = .;
/* End of memory regions initialisation arrays. */
/*
* These are the old initialisation sections, intended to contain
* naked code, with the prologue/epilogue added by crti.o/crtn.o
* when linking with startup files. The standalone startup code
* currently does not run these, better use the init arrays below.
*/
KEEP(*(.init))
KEEP(*(.fini))
. = ALIGN(4);
/*
* The preinit code, i.e. an array of pointers to initialisation
* functions to be performed before constructors.
*/
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
/*
* Used to run the SystemInit() before anything else.
*/
KEEP(*(.preinit_array_sysinit .preinit_array_sysinit.*))
/*
* Used for other platform inits.
*/
KEEP(*(.preinit_array_platform .preinit_array_platform.*))
/*
* The application inits. If you need to enforce some order in
* execution, create new sections, as before.
*/
KEEP(*(.preinit_array .preinit_array.*))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
/*
* The init code, i.e. an array of pointers to static constructors.
*/
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP(*(SORT(.init_array.*)))
KEEP(*(.init_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
/*
* The fini code, i.e. an array of pointers to static destructors.
*/
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
KEEP(*(SORT(.fini_array.*)))
KEEP(*(.fini_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
} >FLASH
/*
* For some STRx devices, the beginning of the startup code
* is stored in the .flashtext section, which goes to FLASH.
*/
.flashtext : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.flashtext .flashtext.*) /* Startup code */
} >FLASH
/*
* The program code is stored in the .text section,
* which goes to FLASH.
*/
.text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.text .text.*) /* All remaining code */
/* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.rodata .rodata.* .constdata .constdata.*)
*(vtable) /* C++ virtual tables */
KEEP(*(.eh_frame*))
/*
* Stub sections generated by the linker, to glue together
* ARM and Thumb code. .glue_7 is used for ARM code calling
* Thumb code, and .glue_7t is used for Thumb code calling
* ARM code. Apparently always generated by the linker, for some
* architectures, so better leave them here.
*/
*(.glue_7)
*(.glue_7t)
} >FLASH
/* ARM magic sections */
.ARM.extab : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*)
} > FLASH
. = ALIGN(4);
__exidx_start = .;
.ARM.exidx : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.ARM.exidx* .gnu.linkonce.armexidx.*)
} > FLASH
__exidx_end = .;
. = ALIGN(4);
_etext = .;
__etext = .;
/* MEMORY_ARRAY */
/*
.ROarraySection :
{
*(.ROarraySection .ROarraySection.*)
} >MEMORY_ARRAY
*/
/*
* The secondary initialised data section.
*/
.data_CCMRAM : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
*(.data.CCMRAM .data.CCMRAM.*)
. = ALIGN(4) ;
} > CCMRAM AT>FLASH
/*
* This address is used by the startup code to
* initialise the .data section.
*/
_sidata = LOADADDR(.data);
/*
* The initialised data section.
*
* The program executes knowing that the data is in the RAM
* but the loader puts the initial values in the FLASH (inidata).
* It is one task of the startup to copy the initial values from
* FLASH to RAM.
*/
.data : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
/* This is used by the startup code to initialise the .data section */
_sdata = . ; /* STM specific definition */
__data_start__ = . ;
*(.data_begin .data_begin.*)
*(.data .data.*)
*(.data_end .data_end.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
/* This is used by the startup code to initialise the .data section */
_edata = . ; /* STM specific definition */
__data_end__ = . ;
} >RAM AT>FLASH
/*
* The uninitialised data sections. NOLOAD is used to avoid
* the "section `.bss' type changed to PROGBITS" warning
*/
/* The secondary uninitialised data section. */
.bss_CCMRAM (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.bss.CCMRAM .bss.CCMRAM.*)
} > CCMRAM
/* The primary uninitialised data section. */
.bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
__bss_start__ = .; /* Standard newlib definition */
_sbss = .; /* STM specific definition */
*(.bss_begin .bss_begin.*)
*(.bss .bss.*)
*(COMMON)
*(.bss_end .bss_end.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
__bss_end__ = .; /* Standard newlib definition */
_ebss = . ; /* STM specific definition */
} >RAM
.noinit_CCMRAM (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.noinit.CCMRAM .noinit.CCMRAM.*)
} > CCMRAM
.noinit (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
_noinit = .;
*(.noinit .noinit.*)
. = ALIGN(4) ;
_end_noinit = .;
} > RAM
/* Mandatory to be word aligned, _sbrk assumes this */
PROVIDE (end = _end_noinit); /* Was _ebss */
PROVIDE (_end = _end_noinit);
PROVIDE (__end = _end_noinit);
PROVIDE (__end__ = _end_noinit);
/*
* Used for validation only, do not allocate anything here!
*
* This is just to check that there is enough RAM left for the Main
* stack. It should generate an error if it's full.
*/
._check_stack : ALIGN(4)
{
. = . + _Minimum_Stack_Size;
} >RAM
/*
* The FLASH Bank1.
* The C or assembly source must explicitly place the code
* or data there using the "section" attribute.
*/
.b1text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.b1text) /* Remaining code */
*(.b1rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.b1rodata.*)
} >FLASHB1
/*
* The EXTMEM.
* The C or assembly source must explicitly place the code or data there
* using the "section" attribute.
*/
/* EXTMEM Bank0 */
.eb0text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb0text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb0rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb0rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB0
/* EXTMEM Bank1 */
.eb1text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb1text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb1rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb1rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB1
/* EXTMEM Bank2 */
.eb2text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb2text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb2rodata) /* read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb2rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB2
/* EXTMEM Bank0 */
.eb3text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb3text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb3rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb3rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB3
/* After that there are only debugging sections. */
/* This can remove the debugging information from the standard libraries */
/*
DISCARD :
{
libc.a ( * )
libm.a ( * )
libgcc.a ( * )
}
*/
/* Stabs debugging sections. */
.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
.stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
.stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
.stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
.stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
.stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
/*
* DWARF debug sections.
* Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the beginning
* of the section so we begin them at 0.
*/
/* DWARF 1 */
.debug 0 : { *(.debug) }
.line 0 : { *(.line) }
/* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
.debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
.debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
/* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
.debug_aranges 0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
.debug_pubnames 0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
/* DWARF 2 */
.debug_info 0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
.debug_abbrev 0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
.debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line) }
.debug_frame 0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
.debug_str 0 : { *(.debug_str) }
.debug_loc 0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
.debug_macinfo 0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
/* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
.debug_weaknames 0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
.debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
.debug_typenames 0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
.debug_varnames 0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
}
网上很多人说这是因为打印浮点数会消耗大量内存，并且可能由于内存溢出导致单片机崩溃，因此很多建议旨在修改进行堆栈和堆分配的链接描述文件，还有一些人说这个硬故障与newlib中的_sbrk.c有关。
我尝试根据我的具体情况调整这些解决方案，但直到现在我的问题仍未解决。我不知道是我没有很好地执行这些建议，还是我的问题不同。
我该如何解决这个问题？
已解决。观看以下视频，如果不起作用，请观看完整系列视频。
STM32 with Eclipse, GNU ARM and J-Link. Part 4 - Minimal CMSIS Project - ITM Printf Debugging
我在 Eclipse 中使用带有 HAL 库的 STM32 F413ZH 微控制器（主要编写用于 C，但也可以用于 C++）。实际上，我设法完全配置了 Eclipse，包括半主机和调试模式 (OpenOCD)、基本项目文件，我还设法手动调整 STM32CubeMX 提供的基本项目文件以使用 C++。所以...现在我可以在 C++ Eclipse 环境中使用 HAL 库，并通过 OpenOCD 和 trace_printf trace_puts 使用半主机测试我的代码。
现在又一次，在设置 STM32 环境之后，我发现自己卡住了，但这次不同。
这 7 天以来，我一直在寻找解决问题的方法，并且尝试了很多网上类似问题的建议，但是 none 解决了我的问题。
好吧，在调试时在半主机中使用 trace_printf() 时，我遇到了一个严重的错误。如果我使用此函数通过半主机打印一个整数 (%d)，一切正常，我可以在 OpenOCD 控制台中读取打印值，但是当我尝试使用 %f 格式化程序打印一个值时，应该打印的数据不是'未显示在 OpenOCD 控制台中。
然后我读到为了启用浮点值的打印我需要将 -u _printf_float 添加到链接器标志，所以在添加标志后我尝试 trace_printf() 一个浮动值、整数值或任何数据类型，但它们都使用 %f 格式化程序，但我在 trace_printf().
[HardFault]
Stack frame:
R0 = 00666E69
R1 = 2004FE78
R2 = 2004FF00
R3 = 00666E69
R12 = F642D800
LR = 08005DE7
PC = 08006586
PSR = 01000000
FSR/FAR:
CFSR = 00008200
HFSR = 40000000
DFSR = 0000000A
AFSR = 00000000
BFAR = 00666E69
Misc
LR/EXC_RETURN= FFFFFFF9
通过逐步调试，调用这个函数后触发了hard fault handler: vsnprintf()
我正在使用这些链接器标志：
-T mem.ld -T libs.ld -T sections.ld -Xlinker --gc-sections -L"../ldscripts" -Wl,-Map,"ThreePhaseSignals.map" --specs=nano.specs -u _printf_float
我的项目设置是：
Project toolchains
Target processor settings
C++ preprocessor
Linker settings and flags
我的_sbrk.c是：
_sbrk.c
我的链接器文件是：
mem.ld 是： mem.ld
而sections.ld是：
/*
* Default linker script for Cortex-M (it includes specifics for
STM32F[34]xx).
*
* To make use of the multi-region initialisations, define
* OS_INCLUDE_STARTUP_INIT_MULTIPLE_RAM_SECTIONS for the _startup.c file.
*/
/*
* The '__stack' definition is required by crt0, do not remove it.
*/
__stack = ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM);
_estack = __stack; /* STM specific definition */
/*
* Default stack sizes.
* These are used by the startup in order to allocate stacks
* for the different modes.
*/
__Main_Stack_Size = 1024;
PROVIDE ( _Main_Stack_Size = __Main_Stack_Size );
__Main_Stack_Limit = __stack - __Main_Stack_Size;
/* "PROVIDE" allows to easily override these values from an
* object file or the command line. */
PROVIDE(_Main_Stack_Limit = __Main_Stack_Limit);
/*
* There will be a link error if there is not this amount of
* RAM free at the end.
*/
_Minimum_Stack_Size = 256;
/*
* Default heap definitions.
* The heap start immediately after the last statically allocated
* .sbss/.noinit section, and extends up to the main stack limit.
*/
PROVIDE(_Heap_Begin = _end_noinit);
PROVIDE(_Heap_Limit = __stack - __Main_Stack_Size);
/*
* The entry point is informative, for debuggers and simulators,
* since the Cortex-M vector points to it anyway.
*/
ENTRY(_start)
/* Sections Definitions */
SECTIONS
{
/*
* For Cortex-M devices, the beginning of the startup code is stored in
* the .isr_vector section, which goes to FLASH.
*/
.isr_vector : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
__vectors_start = ABSOLUTE(.);
__vectors_start__ = ABSOLUTE(.); /* STM specific definition */
KEEP(*(.isr_vector)) /* Interrupt vectors */
KEEP(*(.cfmconfig)) /* Freescale configuration words */
/*
* This section is here for convenience, to store the
* startup code at the beginning of the flash area, hoping that
* this will increase the readability of the listing.
*/
*(.after_vectors .after_vectors.*) /* Startup code and ISR */
} >FLASH
.inits : ALIGN(4)
{
/*
* Memory regions initialisation arrays.
*
* Thee are two kinds of arrays for each RAM region, one for
* data and one for bss. Each is iterrated at startup and the
* region initialisation is performed.
*
* The data array includes:
* - from (LOADADDR())
* - region_begin (ADDR())
* - region_end (ADDR()+SIZEOF())
*
* The bss array includes:
* - region_begin (ADDR())
* - region_end (ADDR()+SIZEOF())
*
* WARNING: It is mandatory that the regions are word aligned,
* since the initialisation code works only on words.
*/
__data_regions_array_start = .;
LONG(LOADADDR(.data));
LONG(ADDR(.data));
LONG(ADDR(.data)+SIZEOF(.data));
LONG(LOADADDR(.data_CCMRAM));
LONG(ADDR(.data_CCMRAM));
LONG(ADDR(.data_CCMRAM)+SIZEOF(.data_CCMRAM));
__data_regions_array_end = .;
__bss_regions_array_start = .;
LONG(ADDR(.bss));
LONG(ADDR(.bss)+SIZEOF(.bss));
LONG(ADDR(.bss_CCMRAM));
LONG(ADDR(.bss_CCMRAM)+SIZEOF(.bss_CCMRAM));
__bss_regions_array_end = .;
/* End of memory regions initialisation arrays. */
/*
* These are the old initialisation sections, intended to contain
* naked code, with the prologue/epilogue added by crti.o/crtn.o
* when linking with startup files. The standalone startup code
* currently does not run these, better use the init arrays below.
*/
KEEP(*(.init))
KEEP(*(.fini))
. = ALIGN(4);
/*
* The preinit code, i.e. an array of pointers to initialisation
* functions to be performed before constructors.
*/
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
/*
* Used to run the SystemInit() before anything else.
*/
KEEP(*(.preinit_array_sysinit .preinit_array_sysinit.*))
/*
* Used for other platform inits.
*/
KEEP(*(.preinit_array_platform .preinit_array_platform.*))
/*
* The application inits. If you need to enforce some order in
* execution, create new sections, as before.
*/
KEEP(*(.preinit_array .preinit_array.*))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
/*
* The init code, i.e. an array of pointers to static constructors.
*/
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP(*(SORT(.init_array.*)))
KEEP(*(.init_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
/*
* The fini code, i.e. an array of pointers to static destructors.
*/
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
KEEP(*(SORT(.fini_array.*)))
KEEP(*(.fini_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
} >FLASH
/*
* For some STRx devices, the beginning of the startup code
* is stored in the .flashtext section, which goes to FLASH.
*/
.flashtext : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.flashtext .flashtext.*) /* Startup code */
} >FLASH
/*
* The program code is stored in the .text section,
* which goes to FLASH.
*/
.text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.text .text.*) /* All remaining code */
/* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.rodata .rodata.* .constdata .constdata.*)
*(vtable) /* C++ virtual tables */
KEEP(*(.eh_frame*))
/*
* Stub sections generated by the linker, to glue together
* ARM and Thumb code. .glue_7 is used for ARM code calling
* Thumb code, and .glue_7t is used for Thumb code calling
* ARM code. Apparently always generated by the linker, for some
* architectures, so better leave them here.
*/
*(.glue_7)
*(.glue_7t)
} >FLASH
/* ARM magic sections */
.ARM.extab : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*)
} > FLASH
. = ALIGN(4);
__exidx_start = .;
.ARM.exidx : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.ARM.exidx* .gnu.linkonce.armexidx.*)
} > FLASH
__exidx_end = .;
. = ALIGN(4);
_etext = .;
__etext = .;
/* MEMORY_ARRAY */
/*
.ROarraySection :
{
*(.ROarraySection .ROarraySection.*)
} >MEMORY_ARRAY
*/
/*
* The secondary initialised data section.
*/
.data_CCMRAM : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
*(.data.CCMRAM .data.CCMRAM.*)
. = ALIGN(4) ;
} > CCMRAM AT>FLASH
/*
* This address is used by the startup code to
* initialise the .data section.
*/
_sidata = LOADADDR(.data);
/*
* The initialised data section.
*
* The program executes knowing that the data is in the RAM
* but the loader puts the initial values in the FLASH (inidata).
* It is one task of the startup to copy the initial values from
* FLASH to RAM.
*/
.data : ALIGN(4)
{
FILL(0xFF)
/* This is used by the startup code to initialise the .data section */
_sdata = . ; /* STM specific definition */
__data_start__ = . ;
*(.data_begin .data_begin.*)
*(.data .data.*)
*(.data_end .data_end.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
/* This is used by the startup code to initialise the .data section */
_edata = . ; /* STM specific definition */
__data_end__ = . ;
} >RAM AT>FLASH
/*
* The uninitialised data sections. NOLOAD is used to avoid
* the "section `.bss' type changed to PROGBITS" warning
*/
/* The secondary uninitialised data section. */
.bss_CCMRAM (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.bss.CCMRAM .bss.CCMRAM.*)
} > CCMRAM
/* The primary uninitialised data section. */
.bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
__bss_start__ = .; /* Standard newlib definition */
_sbss = .; /* STM specific definition */
*(.bss_begin .bss_begin.*)
*(.bss .bss.*)
*(COMMON)
*(.bss_end .bss_end.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
__bss_end__ = .; /* Standard newlib definition */
_ebss = . ; /* STM specific definition */
} >RAM
.noinit_CCMRAM (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.noinit.CCMRAM .noinit.CCMRAM.*)
} > CCMRAM
.noinit (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
_noinit = .;
*(.noinit .noinit.*)
. = ALIGN(4) ;
_end_noinit = .;
} > RAM
/* Mandatory to be word aligned, _sbrk assumes this */
PROVIDE (end = _end_noinit); /* Was _ebss */
PROVIDE (_end = _end_noinit);
PROVIDE (__end = _end_noinit);
PROVIDE (__end__ = _end_noinit);
/*
* Used for validation only, do not allocate anything here!
*
* This is just to check that there is enough RAM left for the Main
* stack. It should generate an error if it's full.
*/
._check_stack : ALIGN(4)
{
. = . + _Minimum_Stack_Size;
} >RAM
/*
* The FLASH Bank1.
* The C or assembly source must explicitly place the code
* or data there using the "section" attribute.
*/
.b1text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.b1text) /* Remaining code */
*(.b1rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.b1rodata.*)
} >FLASHB1
/*
* The EXTMEM.
* The C or assembly source must explicitly place the code or data there
* using the "section" attribute.
*/
/* EXTMEM Bank0 */
.eb0text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb0text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb0rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb0rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB0
/* EXTMEM Bank1 */
.eb1text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb1text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb1rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb1rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB1
/* EXTMEM Bank2 */
.eb2text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb2text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb2rodata) /* read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb2rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB2
/* EXTMEM Bank0 */
.eb3text : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.eb3text) /* Remaining code */
*(.eb3rodata) /* Read-only data (constants) */
*(.eb3rodata.*)
} >EXTMEMB3
/* After that there are only debugging sections. */
/* This can remove the debugging information from the standard libraries */
/*
DISCARD :
{
libc.a ( * )
libm.a ( * )
libgcc.a ( * )
}
*/
/* Stabs debugging sections. */
.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
.stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
.stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
.stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
.stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
.stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
/*
* DWARF debug sections.
* Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the beginning
* of the section so we begin them at 0.
*/
/* DWARF 1 */
.debug 0 : { *(.debug) }
.line 0 : { *(.line) }
/* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
.debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
.debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
/* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
.debug_aranges 0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
.debug_pubnames 0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
/* DWARF 2 */
.debug_info 0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
.debug_abbrev 0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
.debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line) }
.debug_frame 0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
.debug_str 0 : { *(.debug_str) }
.debug_loc 0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
.debug_macinfo 0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
/* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
.debug_weaknames 0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
.debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
.debug_typenames 0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
.debug_varnames 0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
}
网上很多人说这是因为打印浮点数会消耗大量内存，并且可能由于内存溢出导致单片机崩溃，因此很多建议旨在修改进行堆栈和堆分配的链接描述文件，还有一些人说这个硬故障与newlib中的_sbrk.c有关。
我尝试根据我的具体情况调整这些解决方案，但直到现在我的问题仍未解决。我不知道是我没有很好地执行这些建议，还是我的问题不同。
我该如何解决这个问题？
已解决。观看以下视频，如果不起作用，请观看完整系列视频。
STM32 with Eclipse, GNU ARM and J-Link. Part 4 - Minimal CMSIS Project - ITM Printf Debugging