使用 Python C API 时奇怪的内存行为
Strange memory behaviour when using Python C API
我正在尝试使用 Python C API 在 C++ 库上实现 Python 包装器。我需要实现转换,以便可以在 Python 和 C++ 中使用对象。我过去已经这样做了,但我有一个错误,我真的很难接受。
我有一个非常基本的测试功能:
PyObject* convert_to_python() {
std::cout << "Convert to PyObject" << std::endl;
long int a = 20;
PyObject* py_a = PyInt_FromLong(a);
std::cout << "Convert to PyObject ok" << std::endl;
return py_a;
}
我在 GoogleTest 宏中调用这个函数:
TEST(Wrapper, ConvertTest) {
PyObject *py_m = convert_to_python();
}
我的输出是:
Convert to PyObject
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
我也运行 valgrind 就可以了:
valgrind --tool=memcheck --track-origins=yes --leak-check=full ./my_convert
但它并没有给我太多关于它的信息:
Invalid read of size 8
==19030== at 0x4F70A7B: PyInt_FromLong (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython2.7.so.1.0)
==19030== by 0x541E6BF: _object* pysmud_from<float>(smu::Matrix<float, 0, 0>&) (smu_type_conversions.cpp:308)
==19030== by 0x43A144: (anonymous namespace)::Wrapper_ConvertMatrix_Test::Body() (test_wrapper.cpp:12)
==19030== by 0x43A0C6: (anonymous namespace)::Wrapper_ConvertMatrix_Test::TestBody() (test_wrapper.cpp:10)
==19030== by 0x465B4D: void testing::internal::HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::Test, void>(testing::Test*, void (testing::Test::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2078)
==19030== by 0x460684: void testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::Test, void>(testing::Test*, void (testing::Test::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2114)
==19030== by 0x444C05: testing::Test::Run() (gtest.cc:2151)
==19030== by 0x4454C9: testing::TestInfo::Run() (gtest.cc:2326)
==19030== by 0x445BEA: testing::TestCase::Run() (gtest.cc:2444)
==19030== by 0x44CF41: testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests() (gtest.cc:4315)
==19030== by 0x46712C: bool testing::internal::HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::internal::UnitTestImpl, bool>(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2078)
==19030== by 0x461532: bool testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::internal::UnitTestImpl, bool>(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2114)
==19030== Address 0x0 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd
我认为这段代码应该可以工作,但我不知道我写的有什么问题。我是否错误地包含或链接了 Python 个文件和库?
编辑:没有错误
#include <Python.h>
PyObject* convert_long_int(long int a) {
PyObject *ret = PyInt_FromLong(a);
return ret;
}
int main(void) {
long int a = 65454984;
PyObject *pya = convert_long_int(a);
return 0;
}
如果使用 gcc -o wraptest -I/usr/include/python2.7 wraptest.c -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ -lpython2.7
编译
初始化有什么作用?
我可以确认 Ubuntu 16.04 和 Python 2.7 上的分段错误,如果 我省略了初始化。
看Embedding Python in Another Application,有这个例子
#include <Python.h>
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); /* optional but recommended */
Py_Initialize();
PyRun_SimpleString("from time import time,ctime\n"
"print 'Today is',ctime(time())\n");
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
所以当我做一个等效的最小 main
int main()
{
Py_Initialize();
PyObject *p = convert_to_python();
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
它没有崩溃。
两个例子的区别是
long int a = 20;
和
long int a = 65454984;
我想,这与PyInt_FromLong(long ival)
有关
The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers between -5 and 256, when you create an int in that range you actually just get back a reference to the existing object.
可能 Python 试图在没有初始化的情况下访问未初始化的指针或内存范围。
当我使用 a = 256
更改示例时,它崩溃了。使用 a = 257
,它不会。
查看cpython/Objects/intobject.c:79,可以看到一个指针数组
static PyIntObject *small_ints[NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS];
正下方访问
v = small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS];
Py_INCREF(v);
但没有从 _PyInt_Init(void)
初始化
for (ival = -NSMALLNEGINTS; ival < NSMALLPOSINTS; ival++) {
if (!free_list && (free_list = fill_free_list()) == NULL)
return 0;
/* PyObject_New is inlined */
v = free_list;
free_list = (PyIntObject *)Py_TYPE(v);
(void)PyObject_INIT(v, &PyInt_Type);
v->ob_ival = ival;
small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS] = v;
}
这些指针都是NULL
,导致崩溃。
我正在尝试使用 Python C API 在 C++ 库上实现 Python 包装器。我需要实现转换,以便可以在 Python 和 C++ 中使用对象。我过去已经这样做了,但我有一个错误,我真的很难接受。
我有一个非常基本的测试功能:
PyObject* convert_to_python() {
std::cout << "Convert to PyObject" << std::endl;
long int a = 20;
PyObject* py_a = PyInt_FromLong(a);
std::cout << "Convert to PyObject ok" << std::endl;
return py_a;
}
我在 GoogleTest 宏中调用这个函数:
TEST(Wrapper, ConvertTest) {
PyObject *py_m = convert_to_python();
}
我的输出是:
Convert to PyObject
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
我也运行 valgrind 就可以了:
valgrind --tool=memcheck --track-origins=yes --leak-check=full ./my_convert
但它并没有给我太多关于它的信息:
Invalid read of size 8
==19030== at 0x4F70A7B: PyInt_FromLong (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython2.7.so.1.0)
==19030== by 0x541E6BF: _object* pysmud_from<float>(smu::Matrix<float, 0, 0>&) (smu_type_conversions.cpp:308)
==19030== by 0x43A144: (anonymous namespace)::Wrapper_ConvertMatrix_Test::Body() (test_wrapper.cpp:12)
==19030== by 0x43A0C6: (anonymous namespace)::Wrapper_ConvertMatrix_Test::TestBody() (test_wrapper.cpp:10)
==19030== by 0x465B4D: void testing::internal::HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::Test, void>(testing::Test*, void (testing::Test::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2078)
==19030== by 0x460684: void testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::Test, void>(testing::Test*, void (testing::Test::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2114)
==19030== by 0x444C05: testing::Test::Run() (gtest.cc:2151)
==19030== by 0x4454C9: testing::TestInfo::Run() (gtest.cc:2326)
==19030== by 0x445BEA: testing::TestCase::Run() (gtest.cc:2444)
==19030== by 0x44CF41: testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests() (gtest.cc:4315)
==19030== by 0x46712C: bool testing::internal::HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::internal::UnitTestImpl, bool>(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2078)
==19030== by 0x461532: bool testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::internal::UnitTestImpl, bool>(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char const*) (gtest.cc:2114)
==19030== Address 0x0 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd
我认为这段代码应该可以工作,但我不知道我写的有什么问题。我是否错误地包含或链接了 Python 个文件和库?
编辑:没有错误
#include <Python.h>
PyObject* convert_long_int(long int a) {
PyObject *ret = PyInt_FromLong(a);
return ret;
}
int main(void) {
long int a = 65454984;
PyObject *pya = convert_long_int(a);
return 0;
}
如果使用 gcc -o wraptest -I/usr/include/python2.7 wraptest.c -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ -lpython2.7
初始化有什么作用?
我可以确认 Ubuntu 16.04 和 Python 2.7 上的分段错误,如果 我省略了初始化。
看Embedding Python in Another Application,有这个例子
#include <Python.h>
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); /* optional but recommended */
Py_Initialize();
PyRun_SimpleString("from time import time,ctime\n"
"print 'Today is',ctime(time())\n");
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
所以当我做一个等效的最小 main
int main()
{
Py_Initialize();
PyObject *p = convert_to_python();
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
它没有崩溃。
两个例子的区别是
long int a = 20;
和
long int a = 65454984;
我想,这与PyInt_FromLong(long ival)
有关The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers between -5 and 256, when you create an int in that range you actually just get back a reference to the existing object.
可能 Python 试图在没有初始化的情况下访问未初始化的指针或内存范围。
当我使用 a = 256
更改示例时,它崩溃了。使用 a = 257
,它不会。
查看cpython/Objects/intobject.c:79,可以看到一个指针数组
static PyIntObject *small_ints[NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS];
正下方访问
v = small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS];
Py_INCREF(v);
但没有从 _PyInt_Init(void)
初始化for (ival = -NSMALLNEGINTS; ival < NSMALLPOSINTS; ival++) {
if (!free_list && (free_list = fill_free_list()) == NULL)
return 0;
/* PyObject_New is inlined */
v = free_list;
free_list = (PyIntObject *)Py_TYPE(v);
(void)PyObject_INIT(v, &PyInt_Type);
v->ob_ival = ival;
small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS] = v;
}
这些指针都是NULL
,导致崩溃。