如何可视化或绘制多维张量?

How do I visualize or plot a multidimensional tensor?

我想知道这里是否有人曾尝试在 numpy 中可视化多维张量。如果是这样,您能否与我分享我将如何着手做这件事?我正在考虑将其简化为 2D 可视化。

我包含了一些示例输出。它的结构很奇怪,有省略号“...”,它有一个 4D 张量布局 [[[[ 这里有内容]]]]

示例数据:

[[[[ -9.37186633e-05  -9.89684777e-05  -8.97786958e-05 ...,
     -1.08984910e-04  -1.07056971e-04  -8.68257193e-05]
  [[ -9.61350961e-05  -8.75062251e-05  -9.39425736e-05 ...,
     -1.17737654e-04  -9.66376538e-05  -8.78447026e-05]
   [ -1.06558400e-04  -9.04031331e-05  -1.04479543e-04 ...,
     -1.02786013e-04  -1.07974607e-04  -1.07524407e-04]]
 [[[ -1.09648725e-04  -1.01073667e-04  -9.39013553e-05 ...,
     -8.94383265e-05  -9.06078858e-05  -9.83356076e-05]
   [ -9.76310257e-05  -1.04029998e-04  -1.01905476e-04 ...,
     -9.50643880e-05  -8.29156561e-05  -9.75912480e-05]]]
   [ -1.12038200e-04  -1.00154917e-04  -9.00980813e-05 ...,
     -1.10244124e-04  -1.16597665e-04  -1.10604939e-04]]]]
  • 为了绘制高维数据,有一种技术叫做 T-SNE

  • T-SNE 由 tensorflow 作为 tesnorboard 功能提供

  • 您可以只提供张量作为嵌入和 运行 tensorboard

  • 您可以在 3D 或 2d 中可视化高维数据

  • 这里是 link 使用 Tensor-board 的数据可视化:https://github.com/jayshah19949596/Tensorboard-Visualization-Freezing-Graph

  • 你的代码应该是这样的:

      tensor_x = tf.Variable(mnist.test.images, name='images')
      config = projector.ProjectorConfig()
      # One can add multiple embeddings.
      embedding = config.embeddings.add()
      embedding.tensor_name = tensor_x.name
      # Link this tensor to its metadata file (e.g. labels).
      embedding.metadata_path = metadata
      # Saves a config file that TensorBoard will read during startup.
      projector.visualize_embeddings(tf.summary.FileWriter(logs_path), config)
    
  • Tensorboard 可视化:

  • 你可以使用scikit learn的TSNE绘制高维数据

  • 下面是使用 scikit learn 的 TSNE 的示例代码

      # x is my data which is a nd-array
      # You have to convert your tensor to nd-array before using scikit-learn's tsne
      # Convert your tensor to x =====> x = tf.Session().run(tensor_x)
      standard = StandardScaler()
      x_std = standard.fit_transform(x)
      plt.figure()
    
      label_encoder = LabelEncoder()
      y = label_encoder.fit_transform(y)
    
      tsne = TSNE(n_components=2, random_state=0)  # n_components means you mean to plot your dimensional data to 2D
      x_test_2d = tsne.fit_transform(x_std)
    
      print()
    
      markers = ('s', 'd', 'o', '^', 'v', '8', 's', 'p', "_", '2')
      color_map = {0: 'red', 1: 'blue', 2: 'lightgreen', 3: 'purple', 4: 'cyan', 5: 'black', 6: 'yellow', 7: 'magenta',
               8: 'plum', 9: 'yellowgreen'}
      for idx, cl in enumerate(np.unique(y)):
    
          plt.scatter(x=x_test_2d[y == cl, 0], y=x_test_2d[y == cl, 1], c=color_map[idx], marker=markers[idx],
                  label=cl)
      plt.xlabel('X in t-SNE')
      plt.ylabel('Y in t-SNE')
      plt.legend(loc='upper left')
      plt.title('t-SNE visualization of test data')
      plt.show()
    
  • ScikitLearn 的 TSNE 结果:

  • 您还可以使用PCA将高维数据绘制成二维

  • 这里是 PCA.

    的实现
  • Scikit 学习 PCA:https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.decomposition.PCA.html