从 int 到 uint8_t 的隐藏缩小转换
Hidden narrowing conversion from int to uint8_t
考虑以下代码:
#include <cstdint>
class A
{
public:
explicit A(uint8_t p_a){ m_a = p_a; };
uint8_t get_a() const {return m_a;}
private:
uint8_t m_a;
};
int main()
{
A a {0x21U};
A aa{0x55U};
uint8_t mask{a.get_a() | aa.get_a()};
return 0;
}
当我尝试编译此 (gcc 5.4.0
) 时,出现以下错误:
main.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
main.cpp:20:28: warning: narrowing conversion of ‘(int)(a.A::get_a() | aa.A::get_a())’ from ‘int’ to ‘uint8_t {aka unsigned char}’ inside { } [-Wnarrowing]
uint8_t mask{a.get_a() | aa.get_a()};
我真的不明白为什么会缩小。 int
类型从未在我的代码中的任何地方使用过,所有内容都是根据 unsigned char
编写的。即使我明确转换为 unsigned char
我也会收到错误消息:
uint8_t mask{static_cast<uint8_t>(a.get_a()) | static_cast<uint8_t>(aa.get_a())};
事实上,要解决这个问题,我需要删除{}
-初始化。然后它起作用了:
uint8_t mask = a.get_a() | aa.get_a();
为什么这是必要的?
Integral promotion 案例:
prvalues of small integral types (such as char
) may be converted to
prvalues of larger integral types (such as int
).
a.get_a() | aa.get_a()
- 这是纯右值表达式
列表初始化更加严格,这就是您收到警告的原因。
uint8_t mask{a.get_a() | aa.get_a()};
大括号内的表达式
auto i = a.get_a() | aa.get_a(); // i is int
提升为 int
,由于 int
不能完全适合 uint8_t
,因此根据 this rule:
发出缩小警告
If the initializer clause is an expression, implicit conversions are
allowed as per copy-initialization, except if they are narrowing (as
in list-initialization) (since C++11).
你很接近这个:
uint8_t mask{static_cast<uint8_t>(a.get_a()) | static_cast<uint8_t>(aa.get_a())};
但是 a.get_a()
和 aa.get_a()
已经是 uint8_t
,所以转换什么都不做。
这是 |
操作:
- 将两个操作数都转换为
int
(在你可以做任何事情之后)
- 评估为
int
所以这是您现在需要随后转换的整个表达式:
uint8_t mask{static_cast<uint8_t>(a.get_a() | aa.get_a())};
您尝试删除 {}
初始化也是正确的,这可能也是我会做的。你在这里不需要它的严格性。
uint8_t mask = a.get_a() | aa.get_a();
这是清楚、简洁和正确的。
大多数二进制算术运算,包括此处出现的 |
bitwise-or 都会强制提升它们的子表达式,也就是说它们至少会是 int
或 unsigned int
排名。
C++ 17 [expr] 第 11 段:
Many binary operators that expect operands of arithmetic or enumeration type cause conversions and yield result types in a similar way. The purpose is to yield a common type, which is also the type of the result. This pattern is called the usual arithmetic conversions, which are defined as follows:
If either operand is of scoped enumeration type, ...
If either operand is of type long double
, ...
Otherwise, if either operand is double
, ...
Otherwise, if either operand is float
, ...
Otherwise, the integral promotions shall be performed on both operands. Then the following rules shall be applied to the promoted operands: ...
这里的 integral promotions 是导致 get_a()
值从 uint8_t
变为 int
的原因。所以 |
表达式的结果也是一个 int
,并且缩小它以初始化另一个 uint8_t
是 ill-formed.
考虑以下代码:
#include <cstdint>
class A
{
public:
explicit A(uint8_t p_a){ m_a = p_a; };
uint8_t get_a() const {return m_a;}
private:
uint8_t m_a;
};
int main()
{
A a {0x21U};
A aa{0x55U};
uint8_t mask{a.get_a() | aa.get_a()};
return 0;
}
当我尝试编译此 (gcc 5.4.0
) 时,出现以下错误:
main.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
main.cpp:20:28: warning: narrowing conversion of ‘(int)(a.A::get_a() | aa.A::get_a())’ from ‘int’ to ‘uint8_t {aka unsigned char}’ inside { } [-Wnarrowing]
uint8_t mask{a.get_a() | aa.get_a()};
我真的不明白为什么会缩小。 int
类型从未在我的代码中的任何地方使用过,所有内容都是根据 unsigned char
编写的。即使我明确转换为 unsigned char
我也会收到错误消息:
uint8_t mask{static_cast<uint8_t>(a.get_a()) | static_cast<uint8_t>(aa.get_a())};
事实上,要解决这个问题,我需要删除{}
-初始化。然后它起作用了:
uint8_t mask = a.get_a() | aa.get_a();
为什么这是必要的?
Integral promotion 案例:
prvalues of small integral types (such as
char
) may be converted to prvalues of larger integral types (such asint
).
a.get_a() | aa.get_a()
- 这是纯右值表达式
列表初始化更加严格,这就是您收到警告的原因。
uint8_t mask{a.get_a() | aa.get_a()};
大括号内的表达式
auto i = a.get_a() | aa.get_a(); // i is int
提升为 int
,由于 int
不能完全适合 uint8_t
,因此根据 this rule:
If the initializer clause is an expression, implicit conversions are allowed as per copy-initialization, except if they are narrowing (as in list-initialization) (since C++11).
你很接近这个:
uint8_t mask{static_cast<uint8_t>(a.get_a()) | static_cast<uint8_t>(aa.get_a())};
但是 a.get_a()
和 aa.get_a()
已经是 uint8_t
,所以转换什么都不做。
这是 |
操作:
- 将两个操作数都转换为
int
(在你可以做任何事情之后) - 评估为
int
所以这是您现在需要随后转换的整个表达式:
uint8_t mask{static_cast<uint8_t>(a.get_a() | aa.get_a())};
您尝试删除 {}
初始化也是正确的,这可能也是我会做的。你在这里不需要它的严格性。
uint8_t mask = a.get_a() | aa.get_a();
这是清楚、简洁和正确的。
大多数二进制算术运算,包括此处出现的 |
bitwise-or 都会强制提升它们的子表达式,也就是说它们至少会是 int
或 unsigned int
排名。
C++ 17 [expr] 第 11 段:
Many binary operators that expect operands of arithmetic or enumeration type cause conversions and yield result types in a similar way. The purpose is to yield a common type, which is also the type of the result. This pattern is called the usual arithmetic conversions, which are defined as follows:
If either operand is of scoped enumeration type, ...
If either operand is of type
long double
, ...Otherwise, if either operand is
double
, ...Otherwise, if either operand is
float
, ...Otherwise, the integral promotions shall be performed on both operands. Then the following rules shall be applied to the promoted operands: ...
这里的 integral promotions 是导致 get_a()
值从 uint8_t
变为 int
的原因。所以 |
表达式的结果也是一个 int
,并且缩小它以初始化另一个 uint8_t
是 ill-formed.