构造函数重载和 SFINAE

constructor overloading and SFINAE

作为理解 std::enable_if 用法的练习,我尝试实现一个包装器 class(结构)来表示任何给定时间点的特定类型:

#include<type_traits>
#include<typeinfo>
#include<iostream>
using std::enable_if;
using std::is_same;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

template<typename T>
struct type_wrap{

                 type_wrap(typename enable_if<is_same<int,T>::value,T>::type&& rrT):value(rrT){
                         cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << endl;
                         cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << endl;
                } 
                 type_wrap(typename enable_if<is_same<float,T>::value,T>::type && rrT):value(rrT){
                         cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << endl;
                         cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << endl;
                 }

                 T& value;
};

int main(){

        type_wrap<int>(0);
        type_wrap<float>(0.5);
        return(0);
}

以上代码无法编译:

so_main.cpp:16:47: error: no type named 'type' in 'std::__1::enable_if<false, int>'; 'enable_if' cannot be used to disable this declaration
                 type_wrap(typename enable_if<is_same<float,T>::value,T>::type && rrT):value(rrT){
                                              ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
so_main.cpp:26:9: note: in instantiation of template class 'type_wrap<int>' requested here
        type_wrap<int>(0);
        ^
so_main.cpp:12:47: error: no type named 'type' in 'std::__1::enable_if<false, float>'; 'enable_if' cannot be used to disable this declaration
                 type_wrap(typename enable_if<is_same<int,T>::value,T>::type&& rrT):value(rrT){
                                              ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
so_main.cpp:27:9: note: in instantiation of template class 'type_wrap<float>' requested here
        type_wrap<float>(0.5);
        ^
2 errors generated.

如果我要删除其中一个重载的构造函数,并从 main() 中删除相应的实例,该代码就可以工作。但这违背了本练习的全部目的。

谁能指出编译错误的原因?

Can someone point out the cause for the compilation error?

因为 std::enable_if 将使您的构造函数之一非法,具体取决于以下各项:

type_wrap<int>(0);
type_wrap<float>(0.5);

intdouble 会强制 std::is_same 的另一边有 false, in which case std::enable_if has no type:

template<bool B, class T = void>
struct enable_if {}; // int or float will get this on each constructor.

template<class T>
struct enable_if<true, T> { typedef T type; };

相反,使用模板特化如下:

template<typename T>
struct type_wrap;

template<>
struct type_wrap<float>
{
    type_wrap(float&& rrT) :value(rrT) {
        cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << endl;
        cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << endl;
    }

    float& value;
};

template<>
struct type_wrap<int>
{
    type_wrap(int&& rrT) :value(rrT) {
        cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << endl;
        cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << endl;
    }

    int& value;
};

如果你的编译器支持 C++17,if constexpr 会让这更容易和更多 straight-forward:

template<typename T>
struct type_wrap
{
    type_wrap(T&& rrT):value(rrT)
    {
        if constexpr (std::is_same<int, T>::value)
        {
            cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << endl;
            cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << endl;
        }
        else
        {
            cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << endl;
            cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << endl;
        }
    } 

    T& value;
};

SFINAE 在模板方法(/构造函数)上工作,这是您的 class 模板,您可以使用以下内容(即使在您的情况下似乎是 simpler/better):

template<typename T>
struct type_wrap{
    template <typename U,
              std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<int, U>::value
                               && is_same<int, T>::value>* = nullptr>
    type_wrap(U arg) : value(arg){
        // Int case
        std::cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << std::endl;
        std::cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << std::endl;
    }

    template <typename U,
              std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<float, U>::value
                               && is_same<float, T>::value>* = nullptr>
    type_wrap(U arg) : value(arg){
        // float case
        std::cout << "The wrapped type is " << typeid(value).name() << std::endl;
        std::cout << "The wrapped value is " << value << std::endl;
    }
    T value;
};

Demo