将模板函数加好友并避免虚拟 functions/abstract 碱基

Friend a template function and avoid virtual functions/abstract bases

我想加一个函数模板,想尽量限制模板类型。

下面是来自更大层次结构的片段,因此 template <class T> void Play(T&); 中的 T 可以是 TT<U> 的形式。在 T<U> 的情况下,这意味着 T 是一个 class 模板,我想与专门用于 T<U> 的函数成为朋友。

下面代码段的预期行为是成功的 compilation/linking/execution,但没有产生输出 This should not be printed

#include <iostream>

enum class Genre { Rock = 111, Pop = 999 };

/* this is the global interface: */
template <class T> void Play(T&);

template <Genre genre> class Song {
    /* befriend own player */
    template <class T> friend void Play(Song<genre>&);
private:
    int v = int(genre);
};

/* desired function resolution: */
template <Genre genre> void Play(Song<genre>& d)
{ 
    std::cout << "Genre: " << d.v << std::endl; 
}

template <class T> void Play(T& d)
{
    std::cout << "This should not be printed" << std::endl;
}

/* these two functions are not desired but I tried... */
template<> inline void Play(Song<Genre::Pop>& d)
{ Play<Genre::Pop>(d); }

template<> inline void Play(Song<Genre::Rock>& d)
{ Play<Genre::Rock>(d); }

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    Song<Genre::Pop> s;
    Song<Genre::Rock> p;
    Play<decltype(s)>(s);  
    Play(s);
    Play(p);
    return 0;
}

你可以这样做:

#include <iostream>

enum class Genre : int { Rock = 111, Pop = 999 };

template<Genre genre> class Song;

/* this is the global interface: */
template <Genre genre> void Play(Song<genre>&);

template <Genre genre>
class Song
{
   /* befriend own player */
   friend void Play<>(Song<genre>&);

   private:
      int v = int(genre);
};

/* desired function resolution: */
template <Genre genre>
void Play(Song<genre>& d)
{
   std::cout << "Genre: " << d.v << std::endl;
}

/* non-desired function */
template <class T> 
void Play(T& d)
{
   std::cout << "This should not be printed" << d.v << std::endl;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 
{
    Song<Genre::Pop> s;
    Song<Genre::Rock> p;
    //Play<decltype(s)>(s); // <--- will not compile: calls the 'non-desired' function
                            // <--- which is not friend of Song<Genre::Pop>
                            // <--- and compilation fails as the function tries to access the private member v
    Play(s);
    Play(p);
    //Play<Genre::Rock>(s);   // <--- will also not compile
    return 0;
}

此处 Play 只是 'specific' genreSong 中的 friend

你这里有两个我可以确定的问题:你的 friend 声明选择了错误的函数,你的两个 "not desired" 函数递归地调用它们自己。

要解决第一个问题,我们需要在编译器开始查看 Song class:

之前告诉编译器 Play 函数是一个模板
/* this is the global interface: */
//need to forward declare the Song template class
template <Genre genre> class Song;

//forward declare the version of Play templated on Genre
template <Genre genre> 
void Play(Song<genre>&);

//keep the version you had originally
template <typename T>
void Play(T&);

template <Genre genre> class Song {
    /* befriend own player */
    //now picks up the correct function
    friend void Play <> (Song<genre>&);
private:
    int v = int(genre);
};

对于您的转发功能,我们需要使它们完全专业化 template <typename T> Play(T&> 版本:

template <> 
void Play<Song<Genre::Pop>> (Song<Genre::Pop>& d)
{ Play(d); }

template <> 
void Play<Song<Genre::Rock>> (Song<Genre::Rock>& d)
{ Play(d); }

另一种方法是,如果您传入了 Song,则进行类型特征检查,然后 enable/disable 使用 SFINAE 的函数:

template <class T>
struct is_song : std::false_type {};

template <Genre genre>
struct is_song<Song<genre>> : std::true_type {};

template <typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_song<T>::value>* = nullptr> 
void Play (T& d)
{ Play(d); }

template <typename T, std::enable_if_t<!is_song<T>::value>* = nullptr>
void Play(T& d)
{
    std::cout << "This should not be printed" << std::endl;
}

现在一切正常! Demo