GNU LD 链接描述文件 - 堆栈放置

Question

这是我的 STM32L476 链接描述文件：

/* Generate a link error if heap and stack don't fit into RAM */
__heap_size = 0x200;;      /* required amount of heap  */
__stack_size = 0x800;; /* required amount of stack */

/* Specify the memory areas */
MEMORY
{
    FLASH (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x08000000, LENGTH = 512K
    RAM (rwx)  : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 96K
}

/* Define output sections */
SECTIONS
{
  /* The startup code goes first into FLASH */
  .default_exceptions :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    KEEP(*(.default_exceptions)) /* Startup code */
    . = ALIGN(8);
  } >FLASH

  /* The program code and other data goes into FLASH */
  .text :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    *(.text)           /* .text sections (code) */
    *(.text*)          /* .text* sections (code) */
    *(.glue_7)         /* glue arm to thumb code */
    *(.glue_7t)        /* glue thumb to arm code */
    *(.eh_frame)

    KEEP (*(.init))
    KEEP (*(.fini))

    . = ALIGN(8);
    _etext = .;        /* define a global symbols at end of code */
  } >FLASH

  /* Constant data goes into FLASH */
  .rodata :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    *(.rodata)         /* .rodata sections (constants, strings, etc.) */
    *(.rodata*)        /* .rodata* sections (constants, strings, etc.) */
    . = ALIGN(8);
  } >FLASH

  .ARM.extab   : { *(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*) } >FLASH
  .ARM : {
    __exidx_start = .;
    *(.ARM.exidx*)
    __exidx_end = .;
  } >FLASH

  .preinit_array     :
  {
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
    KEEP (*(.preinit_array*))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
  } >FLASH
  .init_array :
  {
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
    KEEP (*(SORT(.init_array.*)))
    KEEP (*(.init_array*))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
  } >FLASH
  .fini_array :
  {
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
    KEEP (*(SORT(.fini_array.*)))
    KEEP (*(.fini_array*))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
  } >FLASH

  /* The startup code goes first into FLASH */
  .exceptions :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    KEEP(*(.exceptions)) /* RAM vector table */
    . = ALIGN(8);
  } >RAM

  /* used by the startup to initialize data */
  _sidata = LOADADDR(.data);

  /* Initialized data sections goes into RAM, load LMA copy after code */
  .data :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    _sdata = .;        /* create a global symbol at data start */
    *(.data)           /* .data sections */
    *(.data*)          /* .data* sections */

    . = ALIGN(8);
    _edata = .;        /* define a global symbol at data end */
  } >RAM AT> FLASH


  /* Uninitialized data section */
  . = ALIGN(4);
  .bss :
  {
    /* This is used by the startup in order to initialize the .bss secion */
    _sbss = .;         /* define a global symbol at bss start */
    *(.bss)
    *(.bss*)
    *(COMMON)

    . = ALIGN(4);
    _ebss = .;         /* define a global symbol at bss end */
  } >RAM

  /* User_heap_stack section, used to check that there is enough RAM left */
  .heap :
  {
    . = ALIGN(4);
    PROVIDE ( end = . );
    _sheap = .;
    . = . + __heap_size;
    . = ALIGN(4);
    _eheap = .;
  } >RAM

  .stack :
  {
    . = ALIGN(4);
    _estack = .;
    . = . + __stack_size;
    . = ALIGN(4);
    _sstack = .;
  } >RAM

  .ARM.attributes 0 : { *(.ARM.attributes) }
}

对应的地图文件为：

.stack          0x20002844      0x800 load address 0x0801cc68
                0x20002844                . = ALIGN (0x4)
                0x20002844                _estack = .
                0x20003044                . = (. + __stack_size)
 *fill*         0x20002844      0x800 
                0x20003044                . = ALIGN (0x4)
                0x20003044                _sstack = .

我想修改它以使堆栈位于RAM 的末尾。我尝试了几种方法（包括讨论过的方法 here 但 none 正在工作。即使将硬编码地址 returns 放入错误（该芯片上的 RAM 上升到 0x20018000 所以它应该适合） :

     .stack :
  {
    . = 0x20001000;
    _estack = .;
    . = . + __stack_size;
    . = ALIGN(4);
    _sstack = .;
  } >RAM

错误是：

20:01:46 **** Build of configuration Debug for project CardioNexion ****
make app=unit_test board=nucleo-l476rg V=1 all 
c:/program files (x86)/atollic/truestudio for stm32 9.0.0/armtools/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-atollic-eabi/6.3.1/../../../../arm-atollic-eabi/bin/ld.exe: region `RAM' overflowed by 536789060 bytes
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [link] Error 1

20:01:50 Build Finished (took 4s.3ms)

知道可能导致问题的原因以及如何解决吗？（将堆栈放在 ram 的末尾）。

Answer 1

如果您想将堆栈放在 RAM 之上，您可以在链接描述文件中使用简单的算术运算，如下所示（已简化）：

MEMORY {
    FLASH (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x08000000, LENGTH = 512K
    RAM (rwx)  : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 96K
}

SECTIONS {
    __stacktop = ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM);

    . = ORIGIN(FLASH);
    .text : {
        KEEP(*(.stack))
        KEEP(*(.vectors))
        KEEP(*(.text))
        . = ALIGN(4);
        KEEP(*(.rodata))
        . = ALIGN(4);
    } >FLASH

    .data ALIGN(4) : {
        __data_start = .;
        *(.data)
        . = ALIGN(4);
        __data_end = .;
    } >RAM AT >FLASH

    .bss ALIGN(4) (NOLOAD) : {
        __bss_start = .;
        *(.bss)
        . = ALIGN(4);
        __bss_end = .;
    } >RAM

    . = ALIGN(4);
    __heap_start = .;
}

在 flash 的开头有 KEEP(*(.stack)) 很重要，然后在代码中只需将 __stacktop 放到此部分，如下所示：

启动文件之一：

// top of stack
extern unsigned __stacktop;

// initial stack pointer is first address of program
__attribute__((section(".stack"), used)) unsigned *__stack_init = &__stacktop;

所有未使用的 RAM 将从一侧用于 HEAP，从另一侧用于 STACK。

此处是简单而完整的示例：https://github.com/cortexm/baremetal。

Answer 2

这种"traditional"方法对于裸机开发不是很好。

更好的方法是将堆栈放在 RAM 的开头。没有静默变量覆盖的危险，堆栈溢出会产生异常 - 其例程可以采取适当的行动（例如将设备切换到 "safe" 模式，重新启动，紧急停止受控机器等

GNU LD 链接描述文件 - 堆栈放置

GNU LD linker script - stack placement

gcc

arm

gnu

ld

stm32