为什么通过 Pointer 转换结构很慢,而 Unsafe.As 很快?
Why is casting a struct via Pointer slow, while Unsafe.As is fast?
背景
我想制作一些整数大小的 struct
s(即 32 位和 64 位),它们很容易转换 to/from 相同大小的原始非托管类型(即 Int32
和 UInt32
尤其适用于 32 位大小的结构)。
然后,这些结构将公开用于位操作/索引的其他功能,这些功能在整数类型上不直接可用。基本上,作为一种语法糖,提高可读性和易用性。
然而,重要的部分是性能,因为这个额外的抽象基本上应该有 0 成本(在一天结束时 CPU 应该 "see" 相同的位,就好像它正在处理原始整数)。
示例结构
下面只是我想出的最基本的 struct
。它没有所有的功能,但足以说明我的问题:
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Pack = 1, Size = 4)]
public struct Mask32 {
[FieldOffset(3)]
public byte Byte1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public ushort UShort1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public byte Byte2;
[FieldOffset(1)]
public byte Byte3;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public ushort UShort2;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public byte Byte4;
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe implicit operator Mask32(int i) => *(Mask32*)&i;
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe implicit operator Mask32(uint i) => *(Mask32*)&i;
}
测试
我想测试这个结构的性能。特别是我想看看如果我使用常规的按位算术:(i >> 8) & 0xFF
(例如获取第 3 个字节),它是否可以让我得到单个字节).
下面你会看到我想出的一个基准:
public unsafe class MyBenchmark {
const int count = 50000;
[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
public static void Direct() {
var j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
//var b1 = i.Byte1();
//var b2 = i.Byte2();
var b3 = i.Byte3();
//var b4 = i.Byte4();
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaStructPointer() {
var j = 0;
int i = 0;
var s = (Mask32*)&i;
for (; i < count; i++) {
//var b1 = s->Byte1;
//var b2 = s->Byte2;
var b3 = s->Byte3;
//var b4 = s->Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaStructPointer2() {
var j = 0;
int i = 0;
for (; i < count; i++) {
var s = *(Mask32*)&i;
//var b1 = s.Byte1;
//var b2 = s.Byte2;
var b3 = s.Byte3;
//var b4 = s.Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaStructCast() {
var j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
Mask32 m = i;
//var b1 = m.Byte1;
//var b2 = m.Byte2;
var b3 = m.Byte3;
//var b4 = m.Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaUnsafeAs() {
var j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
var m = Unsafe.As<int, Mask32>(ref i);
//var b1 = m.Byte1;
//var b2 = m.Byte2;
var b3 = m.Byte3;
//var b4 = m.Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
}
Byte1()
、Byte2()
、Byte3()
和 Byte4()
只是 内联的扩展方法 和通过按位运算和转换简单地获得第 n 个字节:
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte1(this int it) => (byte)(it >> 24);
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte2(this int it) => (byte)((it >> 16) & 0xFF);
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte3(this int it) => (byte)((it >> 8) & 0xFF);
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte4(this int it) => (byte)it;
编辑: 修复代码以确保实际使用变量。还注释掉了 4 个变量中的 3 个来真正测试结构转换/成员访问而不是实际使用变量。
结果
我 运行 这些在发布版本中对 x64 进行了优化。
Intel Core i7-3770K CPU 3.50GHz (Ivy Bridge), 1 CPU, 8 logical cores and 4 physical cores
Frequency=3410223 Hz, Resolution=293.2360 ns, Timer=TSC
[Host] : .NET Framework 4.6.1 (CLR 4.0.30319.42000), 64bit RyuJIT-v4.6.1086.0
DefaultJob : .NET Framework 4.6.1 (CLR 4.0.30319.42000), 64bit RyuJIT-v4.6.1086.0
Method | Mean | Error | StdDev | Scaled | ScaledSD |
------------------ |----------:|----------:|----------:|-------:|---------:|
Direct | 14.47 us | 0.3314 us | 0.2938 us | 1.00 | 0.00 |
ViaStructPointer | 111.32 us | 0.6481 us | 0.6062 us | 7.70 | 0.15 |
ViaStructPointer2 | 102.31 us | 0.7632 us | 0.7139 us | 7.07 | 0.14 |
ViaStructCast | 29.00 us | 0.3159 us | 0.2800 us | 2.01 | 0.04 |
ViaUnsafeAs | 14.32 us | 0.0955 us | 0.0894 us | 0.99 | 0.02 |
编辑: 修复代码后的新结果:
Method | Mean | Error | StdDev | Scaled | ScaledSD |
------------------ |----------:|----------:|----------:|-------:|---------:|
Direct | 57.51 us | 1.1070 us | 1.0355 us | 1.00 | 0.00 |
ViaStructPointer | 203.20 us | 3.9830 us | 3.5308 us | 3.53 | 0.08 |
ViaStructPointer2 | 198.08 us | 1.8411 us | 1.6321 us | 3.45 | 0.06 |
ViaStructCast | 79.68 us | 1.5478 us | 1.7824 us | 1.39 | 0.04 |
ViaUnsafeAs | 57.01 us | 0.8266 us | 0.6902 us | 0.99 | 0.02 |
问题
基准测试结果让我感到惊讶,这就是为什么我有几个问题:
编辑: 更改代码后剩下的问题更少,以便实际使用变量。
- 为什么指针的东西
那么慢?
为什么演员表花费的时间是基准案例的两倍? implicit/explicit 运算符不是内联的吗?
- 为什么新的
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe
包 (v. 4.5.0) 这么快?我认为它至少会涉及一个方法调用...
- 更一般地说,我怎样才能本质上制作一个零成本结构,它可以简单地充当"window"到一些内存或像[=这样的大原始类型26=] 以便我可以更有效地操作/读取该内存?这里的最佳做法是什么?
答案似乎是当您使用 Unsafe.As()
时,JIT 编译器可以更好地进行某些优化。
Unsafe.As()
的实现非常简单,如下所示:
public static ref TTo As<TFrom, TTo>(ref TFrom source)
{
return ref source;
}
就是这样!
这是我写的一个测试程序,用于与转换进行比较:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
namespace Demo
{
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Pack = 1, Size = 4)]
public struct Mask32
{
[FieldOffset(3)]
public byte Byte1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public ushort UShort1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public byte Byte2;
[FieldOffset(1)]
public byte Byte3;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public ushort UShort2;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public byte Byte4;
}
public static unsafe class Program
{
static int count = 50000000;
public static int ViaStructPointer()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
var s = (Mask32*)&i;
total += s->Byte1;
}
return total;
}
public static int ViaUnsafeAs()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
var m = Unsafe.As<int, Mask32>(ref i);
total += m.Byte1;
}
return total;
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Restart();
ViaStructPointer();
Console.WriteLine("ViaStructPointer took " + sw.Elapsed);
sw.Restart();
ViaUnsafeAs();
Console.WriteLine("ViaUnsafeAs took " + sw.Elapsed);
}
}
}
我在 PC(x64 发布版本)上得到的结果如下:
ViaStructPointer took 00:00:00.1314279
ViaUnsafeAs took 00:00:00.0249446
如你所见,ViaUnsafeAs
确实快多了。
那么让我们看看编译器生成了什么:
public static unsafe int ViaStructPointer()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < Program.count; i++)
{
total += (*(Mask32*)(&i)).Byte1;
}
return total;
}
public static int ViaUnsafeAs()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < Program.count; i++)
{
total += (Unsafe.As<int, Mask32>(ref i)).Byte1;
}
return total;
}
好的,那里没有什么明显的。但是 IL 呢?
.method public hidebysig static int32 ViaStructPointer () cil managed
{
.locals init (
[0] int32 total,
[1] int32 i,
[2] valuetype Demo.Mask32* s
)
IL_0000: ldc.i4.0
IL_0001: stloc.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.0
IL_0003: stloc.1
IL_0004: br.s IL_0017
.loop
{
IL_0006: ldloca.s i
IL_0008: conv.u
IL_0009: stloc.2
IL_000a: ldloc.0
IL_000b: ldloc.2
IL_000c: ldfld uint8 Demo.Mask32::Byte1
IL_0011: add
IL_0012: stloc.0
IL_0013: ldloc.1
IL_0014: ldc.i4.1
IL_0015: add
IL_0016: stloc.1
IL_0017: ldloc.1
IL_0018: ldsfld int32 Demo.Program::count
IL_001d: blt.s IL_0006
}
IL_001f: ldloc.0
IL_0020: ret
}
.method public hidebysig static int32 ViaUnsafeAs () cil managed
{
.locals init (
[0] int32 total,
[1] int32 i,
[2] valuetype Demo.Mask32 m
)
IL_0000: ldc.i4.0
IL_0001: stloc.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.0
IL_0003: stloc.1
IL_0004: br.s IL_0020
.loop
{
IL_0006: ldloca.s i
IL_0008: call valuetype Demo.Mask32& [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe::As<int32, valuetype Demo.Mask32>(!!0&)
IL_000d: ldobj Demo.Mask32
IL_0012: stloc.2
IL_0013: ldloc.0
IL_0014: ldloc.2
IL_0015: ldfld uint8 Demo.Mask32::Byte1
IL_001a: add
IL_001b: stloc.0
IL_001c: ldloc.1
IL_001d: ldc.i4.1
IL_001e: add
IL_001f: stloc.1
IL_0020: ldloc.1
IL_0021: ldsfld int32 Demo.Program::count
IL_0026: blt.s IL_0006
}
IL_0028: ldloc.0
IL_0029: ret
}
啊哈!这里唯一的区别是:
ViaStructPointer: conv.u
ViaUnsafeAs: call valuetype Demo.Mask32& [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe::As<int32, valuetype Demo.Mask32>(!!0&)
ldobj Demo.Mask32
从表面上看,您会期望 conv.u
比用于 Unsafe.As
的两条指令更快。但是,JIT 编译器似乎能够比单个 conv.u
.
更好地优化这两条指令。
问 为什么 是合理的 - 不幸的是我还没有答案!我几乎可以肯定 JITTER 正在内联对 Unsafe::As<>()
的调用,并且 JIT 正在进一步优化它。
There is some information about the Unsafe
class' optimisations here.
请注意,为 Unsafe.As<>
生成的 IL 很简单:
.method public hidebysig static !!TTo& As<TFrom, TTo> (
!!TFrom& source
) cil managed aggressiveinlining
{
.custom instance void System.Runtime.Versioning.NonVersionableAttribute::.ctor() = (
01 00 00 00
)
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: ret
}
现在我想更清楚为什么 JITTER 可以将其优化得如此好。
当您获取本地地址时,jit 通常必须将该本地地址保存在堆栈中。这里就是这种情况。在 ViaPointer
版本中,i
保存在堆栈中。在 ViaUnsafe
中,i
被复制到一个临时文件中,临时文件保存在堆栈中。前者比较慢,因为i
也是用来控制循环的迭代次数。
您可以使用以下明确复制的代码获得非常接近 ViaUnsafe
的性能:
public static int ViaStructPointer2()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
int j = i;
var s = (Mask32*)&j;
total += s->Byte1;
}
return total;
}
ViaStructPointer took 00:00:00.1147793
ViaUnsafeAs took 00:00:00.0282828
ViaStructPointer2 took 00:00:00.0257589
背景
我想制作一些整数大小的 struct
s(即 32 位和 64 位),它们很容易转换 to/from 相同大小的原始非托管类型(即 Int32
和 UInt32
尤其适用于 32 位大小的结构)。
然后,这些结构将公开用于位操作/索引的其他功能,这些功能在整数类型上不直接可用。基本上,作为一种语法糖,提高可读性和易用性。
然而,重要的部分是性能,因为这个额外的抽象基本上应该有 0 成本(在一天结束时 CPU 应该 "see" 相同的位,就好像它正在处理原始整数)。
示例结构
下面只是我想出的最基本的 struct
。它没有所有的功能,但足以说明我的问题:
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Pack = 1, Size = 4)]
public struct Mask32 {
[FieldOffset(3)]
public byte Byte1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public ushort UShort1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public byte Byte2;
[FieldOffset(1)]
public byte Byte3;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public ushort UShort2;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public byte Byte4;
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe implicit operator Mask32(int i) => *(Mask32*)&i;
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe implicit operator Mask32(uint i) => *(Mask32*)&i;
}
测试
我想测试这个结构的性能。特别是我想看看如果我使用常规的按位算术:(i >> 8) & 0xFF
(例如获取第 3 个字节),它是否可以让我得到单个字节).
下面你会看到我想出的一个基准:
public unsafe class MyBenchmark {
const int count = 50000;
[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
public static void Direct() {
var j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
//var b1 = i.Byte1();
//var b2 = i.Byte2();
var b3 = i.Byte3();
//var b4 = i.Byte4();
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaStructPointer() {
var j = 0;
int i = 0;
var s = (Mask32*)&i;
for (; i < count; i++) {
//var b1 = s->Byte1;
//var b2 = s->Byte2;
var b3 = s->Byte3;
//var b4 = s->Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaStructPointer2() {
var j = 0;
int i = 0;
for (; i < count; i++) {
var s = *(Mask32*)&i;
//var b1 = s.Byte1;
//var b2 = s.Byte2;
var b3 = s.Byte3;
//var b4 = s.Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaStructCast() {
var j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
Mask32 m = i;
//var b1 = m.Byte1;
//var b2 = m.Byte2;
var b3 = m.Byte3;
//var b4 = m.Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
[Benchmark]
public static void ViaUnsafeAs() {
var j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
var m = Unsafe.As<int, Mask32>(ref i);
//var b1 = m.Byte1;
//var b2 = m.Byte2;
var b3 = m.Byte3;
//var b4 = m.Byte4;
j += b3;
}
}
}
Byte1()
、Byte2()
、Byte3()
和 Byte4()
只是 内联的扩展方法 和通过按位运算和转换简单地获得第 n 个字节:
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte1(this int it) => (byte)(it >> 24);
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte2(this int it) => (byte)((it >> 16) & 0xFF);
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte3(this int it) => (byte)((it >> 8) & 0xFF);
[DebuggerStepThrough, MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static byte Byte4(this int it) => (byte)it;
编辑: 修复代码以确保实际使用变量。还注释掉了 4 个变量中的 3 个来真正测试结构转换/成员访问而不是实际使用变量。
结果
我 运行 这些在发布版本中对 x64 进行了优化。
Intel Core i7-3770K CPU 3.50GHz (Ivy Bridge), 1 CPU, 8 logical cores and 4 physical cores
Frequency=3410223 Hz, Resolution=293.2360 ns, Timer=TSC
[Host] : .NET Framework 4.6.1 (CLR 4.0.30319.42000), 64bit RyuJIT-v4.6.1086.0
DefaultJob : .NET Framework 4.6.1 (CLR 4.0.30319.42000), 64bit RyuJIT-v4.6.1086.0
Method | Mean | Error | StdDev | Scaled | ScaledSD |
------------------ |----------:|----------:|----------:|-------:|---------:|
Direct | 14.47 us | 0.3314 us | 0.2938 us | 1.00 | 0.00 |
ViaStructPointer | 111.32 us | 0.6481 us | 0.6062 us | 7.70 | 0.15 |
ViaStructPointer2 | 102.31 us | 0.7632 us | 0.7139 us | 7.07 | 0.14 |
ViaStructCast | 29.00 us | 0.3159 us | 0.2800 us | 2.01 | 0.04 |
ViaUnsafeAs | 14.32 us | 0.0955 us | 0.0894 us | 0.99 | 0.02 |
编辑: 修复代码后的新结果:
Method | Mean | Error | StdDev | Scaled | ScaledSD |
------------------ |----------:|----------:|----------:|-------:|---------:|
Direct | 57.51 us | 1.1070 us | 1.0355 us | 1.00 | 0.00 |
ViaStructPointer | 203.20 us | 3.9830 us | 3.5308 us | 3.53 | 0.08 |
ViaStructPointer2 | 198.08 us | 1.8411 us | 1.6321 us | 3.45 | 0.06 |
ViaStructCast | 79.68 us | 1.5478 us | 1.7824 us | 1.39 | 0.04 |
ViaUnsafeAs | 57.01 us | 0.8266 us | 0.6902 us | 0.99 | 0.02 |
问题
基准测试结果让我感到惊讶,这就是为什么我有几个问题:
编辑: 更改代码后剩下的问题更少,以便实际使用变量。
- 为什么指针的东西
那么慢? 为什么演员表花费的时间是基准案例的两倍? implicit/explicit 运算符不是内联的吗?- 为什么新的
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe
包 (v. 4.5.0) 这么快?我认为它至少会涉及一个方法调用... - 更一般地说,我怎样才能本质上制作一个零成本结构,它可以简单地充当"window"到一些内存或像[=这样的大原始类型26=] 以便我可以更有效地操作/读取该内存?这里的最佳做法是什么?
答案似乎是当您使用 Unsafe.As()
时,JIT 编译器可以更好地进行某些优化。
Unsafe.As()
的实现非常简单,如下所示:
public static ref TTo As<TFrom, TTo>(ref TFrom source)
{
return ref source;
}
就是这样!
这是我写的一个测试程序,用于与转换进行比较:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
namespace Demo
{
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Pack = 1, Size = 4)]
public struct Mask32
{
[FieldOffset(3)]
public byte Byte1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public ushort UShort1;
[FieldOffset(2)]
public byte Byte2;
[FieldOffset(1)]
public byte Byte3;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public ushort UShort2;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public byte Byte4;
}
public static unsafe class Program
{
static int count = 50000000;
public static int ViaStructPointer()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
var s = (Mask32*)&i;
total += s->Byte1;
}
return total;
}
public static int ViaUnsafeAs()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
var m = Unsafe.As<int, Mask32>(ref i);
total += m.Byte1;
}
return total;
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Restart();
ViaStructPointer();
Console.WriteLine("ViaStructPointer took " + sw.Elapsed);
sw.Restart();
ViaUnsafeAs();
Console.WriteLine("ViaUnsafeAs took " + sw.Elapsed);
}
}
}
我在 PC(x64 发布版本)上得到的结果如下:
ViaStructPointer took 00:00:00.1314279
ViaUnsafeAs took 00:00:00.0249446
如你所见,ViaUnsafeAs
确实快多了。
那么让我们看看编译器生成了什么:
public static unsafe int ViaStructPointer()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < Program.count; i++)
{
total += (*(Mask32*)(&i)).Byte1;
}
return total;
}
public static int ViaUnsafeAs()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < Program.count; i++)
{
total += (Unsafe.As<int, Mask32>(ref i)).Byte1;
}
return total;
}
好的,那里没有什么明显的。但是 IL 呢?
.method public hidebysig static int32 ViaStructPointer () cil managed
{
.locals init (
[0] int32 total,
[1] int32 i,
[2] valuetype Demo.Mask32* s
)
IL_0000: ldc.i4.0
IL_0001: stloc.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.0
IL_0003: stloc.1
IL_0004: br.s IL_0017
.loop
{
IL_0006: ldloca.s i
IL_0008: conv.u
IL_0009: stloc.2
IL_000a: ldloc.0
IL_000b: ldloc.2
IL_000c: ldfld uint8 Demo.Mask32::Byte1
IL_0011: add
IL_0012: stloc.0
IL_0013: ldloc.1
IL_0014: ldc.i4.1
IL_0015: add
IL_0016: stloc.1
IL_0017: ldloc.1
IL_0018: ldsfld int32 Demo.Program::count
IL_001d: blt.s IL_0006
}
IL_001f: ldloc.0
IL_0020: ret
}
.method public hidebysig static int32 ViaUnsafeAs () cil managed
{
.locals init (
[0] int32 total,
[1] int32 i,
[2] valuetype Demo.Mask32 m
)
IL_0000: ldc.i4.0
IL_0001: stloc.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.0
IL_0003: stloc.1
IL_0004: br.s IL_0020
.loop
{
IL_0006: ldloca.s i
IL_0008: call valuetype Demo.Mask32& [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe::As<int32, valuetype Demo.Mask32>(!!0&)
IL_000d: ldobj Demo.Mask32
IL_0012: stloc.2
IL_0013: ldloc.0
IL_0014: ldloc.2
IL_0015: ldfld uint8 Demo.Mask32::Byte1
IL_001a: add
IL_001b: stloc.0
IL_001c: ldloc.1
IL_001d: ldc.i4.1
IL_001e: add
IL_001f: stloc.1
IL_0020: ldloc.1
IL_0021: ldsfld int32 Demo.Program::count
IL_0026: blt.s IL_0006
}
IL_0028: ldloc.0
IL_0029: ret
}
啊哈!这里唯一的区别是:
ViaStructPointer: conv.u
ViaUnsafeAs: call valuetype Demo.Mask32& [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe::As<int32, valuetype Demo.Mask32>(!!0&)
ldobj Demo.Mask32
从表面上看,您会期望 conv.u
比用于 Unsafe.As
的两条指令更快。但是,JIT 编译器似乎能够比单个 conv.u
.
问 为什么 是合理的 - 不幸的是我还没有答案!我几乎可以肯定 JITTER 正在内联对 Unsafe::As<>()
的调用,并且 JIT 正在进一步优化它。
There is some information about the Unsafe
class' optimisations here.
请注意,为 Unsafe.As<>
生成的 IL 很简单:
.method public hidebysig static !!TTo& As<TFrom, TTo> (
!!TFrom& source
) cil managed aggressiveinlining
{
.custom instance void System.Runtime.Versioning.NonVersionableAttribute::.ctor() = (
01 00 00 00
)
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: ret
}
现在我想更清楚为什么 JITTER 可以将其优化得如此好。
当您获取本地地址时,jit 通常必须将该本地地址保存在堆栈中。这里就是这种情况。在 ViaPointer
版本中,i
保存在堆栈中。在 ViaUnsafe
中,i
被复制到一个临时文件中,临时文件保存在堆栈中。前者比较慢,因为i
也是用来控制循环的迭代次数。
您可以使用以下明确复制的代码获得非常接近 ViaUnsafe
的性能:
public static int ViaStructPointer2()
{
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
int j = i;
var s = (Mask32*)&j;
total += s->Byte1;
}
return total;
}
ViaStructPointer took 00:00:00.1147793
ViaUnsafeAs took 00:00:00.0282828
ViaStructPointer2 took 00:00:00.0257589