使用进程替换与管道有什么区别?

What is the difference between using process substitution vs. a pipe?

我在 tee 信息页面看到了使用 tee 实用程序的示例:

wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) > dvd.iso

我查找了 >(...) 语法并找到了一个叫做 "process substitution" 的东西。据我了解,它使一个进程看起来像另一个进程可以 write/append 将其输出到的文件。 (如果我在这一点上有误,请纠正我。)

这与管道有何不同? (|) 我看到上面的例子中使用了一个管道——这只是一个优先级问题吗?还是有其他区别?

这里没有任何好处,因为该行同样可以这样写:

wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso | tee dvd.iso | sha1sum > dvd.sha1

当您需要管道 to/from 多个 程序时,差异开始出现,因为这些不能纯粹用 | 表达。欢迎尝试:

# Calculate 2+ checksums while also writing the file
wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) >(md5sum > dvd.md5) > dvd.iso

# Accept input from two 'sort' processes at the same time
comm -12 <(sort file1) <(sort file2)

在您出于任何原因不能或不想使用管道的某些情况下,它们也很有用:

# Start logging all error messages to file as well as disk
# Pipes don't work because bash doesn't support it in this context
exec 2> >(tee log.txt)
ls doesntexist

# Sum a column of numbers
# Pipes don't work because they create a subshell
sum=0
while IFS= read -r num; do (( sum+=num )); done < <(curl http://example.com/list.txt)
echo "$sum"

# apt-get something with a generated config file
# Pipes don't work because we want stdin available for user input
apt-get install -c <(sed -e "s/%USER%/$USER/g" template.conf) mysql-server