FactoryGirl - 无法写入未知属性和未定义的方法“名称”
FactoryGirl - can't write unknown attribute, and undefined method `name'
我正在尝试创建一个与 gallery 处于多对一关联的 photo 工厂。我收到两个错误，具体取决于我如何指定这两个模型之间的关联。
这是模型：
照片
belongs_to :gallery, class_name: "SevenGallery::Gallery"
图库
has_many :photos, class_name: "SevenGallery::Photo", foreign_key: "seven_gallery_gallery_id", dependent: :destroy
和迁移
create_table :seven_gallery_galleries do |t|
t.string :title
t.timestamps null: false
end
create_table :seven_gallery_photos do |t|
t.string :caption
t.string :image
t.references :seven_gallery_gallery, index: true
t.timestamps null: false
end
add_foreign_key :seven_gallery_photos, :seven_gallery_galleries, on_delete: :cascade
现在这是我的工厂：
图库：
FactoryGirl.define do
factory :gallery, class: 'SevenGallery::Gallery' do
title "an event gallery"
factory :gallery_with_photos do
after(:build) do |gallery|
gallery.photos << FactoryGirl.create(:photo_one, seven_gallery_gallery_id: gallery)
gallery.photos << FactoryGirl.create(:photo_two, seven_gallery_gallery_id: gallery)
gallery.photos << FactoryGirl.create(:photo_three, seven_gallery_gallery_id: gallery)
end
end
end
end
和照片：
FactoryGirl.define do
factory :photo, class: "SevenGallery::Photo" do
factory :photo_one do
end
factory :photo_two do
end
factory :photo_three do
end
factory :photo_with_gallery do
gallery
end
end
end
这里是产生错误的控制器规范：
it "changes is_main to true in self and false in rest" do
photo_one = FactoryGirl.create(:photo_with_gallery)
expect(photo_one.gallery).to be_a SevenGallery::Gallery
end
每当我 运行 测试时，我都会收到此错误：
Failure/Error: photo_one = FactoryGirl.create(:photo_with_gallery)
ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError:
can't write unknown attribute `gallery_id`
# ./spec/controllers/seven_gallery/photos_controller_spec.rb:
当我将关联部分更改为：
factory :photo_with_gallery do
association :gallery, factory: gallery
end
我收到这个错误：
Failure/Error: photo_one = FactoryGirl.create(:photo_with_gallery)
NoMethodError:
undefined method `name' for :photo_with_gallery:Symbol
# ./spec/controllers/seven_gallery/photos_controller_spec.rb:8
schema.rb
ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20150428105107) do
create_table "seven_event_events", force: :cascade do |t|
t.string "title"
t.text "description"
t.datetime "start_at"
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
end
create_table "seven_gallery_galleries", force: :cascade do |t|
t.string "title"
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
t.integer "seven_event_event_id"
end
add_index "seven_gallery_galleries", ["seven_event_event_id"], name: "index_seven_gallery_galleries_on_seven_event_event_id"
create_table "seven_gallery_photos", force: :cascade do |t|
t.string "caption"
t.string "image"
t.integer "seven_gallery_gallery_id"
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
t.boolean "is_new", default: true
t.boolean "is_featured", default: false
t.text "description"
t.string "alt"
t.integer "position", default: 0
t.boolean "is_main", default: false
end
add_index "seven_gallery_photos", ["seven_gallery_gallery_id"], name: "index_seven_gallery_photos_on_seven_gallery_gallery_id"
end
回溯:
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute.rb:138:in `with_value_from_database'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb:39:in `write_from_user'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb:74:in `write_attribute_with_type_cast'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb:56:in `write_attribute'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb:96:in `write_attribute'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb:373:in `[]='
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb:83:in `replace_keys'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb:14:in `replace'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb:17:in `writer'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb:123:in `gallery='
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:16:in `public_send'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:16:in `block (2 levels) in object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:15:in `each'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:15:in `block in object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:14:in `tap'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:14:in `object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/evaluation.rb:12:in `object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/strategy/create.rb:9:in `result'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/factory.rb:42:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/factory_runner.rb:23:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.1/lib/active_support/notifications.rb:166:in `instrument'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/factory_runner.rb:22:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/strategy_syntax_method_registrar.rb:20:in `block in define_singular_strategy_method'
# ./spec/controllers/seven_gallery/photos_controller_spec.rb:8:in `block (3 levels) in <module:SevenGallery>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:177:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:177:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:385:in `block in with_around_and_singleton_context_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:343:in `block in with_around_example_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:474:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:614:in `block in run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-rails-3.2.1/lib/rspec/rails/example/controller_example_group.rb:179:in `block (2 levels) in <module:ControllerExampleGroup>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:387:in `execute_with'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:616:in `block (2 levels) in run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-rails-3.2.1/lib/rspec/rails/adapters.rb:113:in `block (2 levels) in <module:MinitestLifecycleAdapter>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:387:in `execute_with'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:616:in `block (2 levels) in run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:617:in `run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:474:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:343:in `with_around_example_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:385:in `with_around_and_singleton_context_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:174:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:549:in `block in run_examples'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:545:in `map'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:545:in `run_examples'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:512:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:513:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:513:in `map'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:513:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:110:in `block (3 levels) in run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:110:in `map'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:110:in `block (2 levels) in run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:1526:in `with_suite_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:109:in `block in run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/reporter.rb:62:in `report'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:108:in `run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:86:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:70:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:38:in `invoke'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/exe/rspec:4:in `<top (required)>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/bin/rspec:23:in `load'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/bin/rspec:23:in `<main>'
如有任何帮助，我们将不胜感激。谢谢。
所有遇到同样问题的人。解决方案是在两边都包含 foreign_key：has_many 边和 belongs_to 边。
我正在尝试创建一个与 gallery 处于多对一关联的 photo 工厂。我收到两个错误，具体取决于我如何指定这两个模型之间的关联。
这是模型：
照片
belongs_to :gallery, class_name: "SevenGallery::Gallery"
图库
has_many :photos, class_name: "SevenGallery::Photo", foreign_key: "seven_gallery_gallery_id", dependent: :destroy
和迁移
create_table :seven_gallery_galleries do |t|
t.string :title
t.timestamps null: false
end
create_table :seven_gallery_photos do |t|
t.string :caption
t.string :image
t.references :seven_gallery_gallery, index: true
t.timestamps null: false
end
add_foreign_key :seven_gallery_photos, :seven_gallery_galleries, on_delete: :cascade
现在这是我的工厂： 图库：
FactoryGirl.define do
factory :gallery, class: 'SevenGallery::Gallery' do
title "an event gallery"
factory :gallery_with_photos do
after(:build) do |gallery|
gallery.photos << FactoryGirl.create(:photo_one, seven_gallery_gallery_id: gallery)
gallery.photos << FactoryGirl.create(:photo_two, seven_gallery_gallery_id: gallery)
gallery.photos << FactoryGirl.create(:photo_three, seven_gallery_gallery_id: gallery)
end
end
end
end
和照片：
FactoryGirl.define do
factory :photo, class: "SevenGallery::Photo" do
factory :photo_one do
end
factory :photo_two do
end
factory :photo_three do
end
factory :photo_with_gallery do
gallery
end
end
end
这里是产生错误的控制器规范：
it "changes is_main to true in self and false in rest" do
photo_one = FactoryGirl.create(:photo_with_gallery)
expect(photo_one.gallery).to be_a SevenGallery::Gallery
end
每当我 运行 测试时，我都会收到此错误：
Failure/Error: photo_one = FactoryGirl.create(:photo_with_gallery)
ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError:
can't write unknown attribute `gallery_id`
# ./spec/controllers/seven_gallery/photos_controller_spec.rb:
当我将关联部分更改为：
factory :photo_with_gallery do
association :gallery, factory: gallery
end
我收到这个错误：
Failure/Error: photo_one = FactoryGirl.create(:photo_with_gallery)
NoMethodError:
undefined method `name' for :photo_with_gallery:Symbol
# ./spec/controllers/seven_gallery/photos_controller_spec.rb:8
schema.rb
ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20150428105107) do
create_table "seven_event_events", force: :cascade do |t|
t.string "title"
t.text "description"
t.datetime "start_at"
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
end
create_table "seven_gallery_galleries", force: :cascade do |t|
t.string "title"
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
t.integer "seven_event_event_id"
end
add_index "seven_gallery_galleries", ["seven_event_event_id"], name: "index_seven_gallery_galleries_on_seven_event_event_id"
create_table "seven_gallery_photos", force: :cascade do |t|
t.string "caption"
t.string "image"
t.integer "seven_gallery_gallery_id"
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
t.boolean "is_new", default: true
t.boolean "is_featured", default: false
t.text "description"
t.string "alt"
t.integer "position", default: 0
t.boolean "is_main", default: false
end
add_index "seven_gallery_photos", ["seven_gallery_gallery_id"], name: "index_seven_gallery_photos_on_seven_gallery_gallery_id"
end
回溯:
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute.rb:138:in `with_value_from_database'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb:39:in `write_from_user'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb:74:in `write_attribute_with_type_cast'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb:56:in `write_attribute'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb:96:in `write_attribute'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb:373:in `[]='
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb:83:in `replace_keys'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb:14:in `replace'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb:17:in `writer'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activerecord-4.2.1/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb:123:in `gallery='
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:16:in `public_send'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:16:in `block (2 levels) in object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:15:in `each'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:15:in `block in object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:14:in `tap'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/attribute_assigner.rb:14:in `object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/evaluation.rb:12:in `object'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/strategy/create.rb:9:in `result'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/factory.rb:42:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/factory_runner.rb:23:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.1/lib/active_support/notifications.rb:166:in `instrument'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/factory_runner.rb:22:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/factory_girl-4.5.0/lib/factory_girl/strategy_syntax_method_registrar.rb:20:in `block in define_singular_strategy_method'
# ./spec/controllers/seven_gallery/photos_controller_spec.rb:8:in `block (3 levels) in <module:SevenGallery>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:177:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:177:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:385:in `block in with_around_and_singleton_context_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:343:in `block in with_around_example_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:474:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:614:in `block in run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-rails-3.2.1/lib/rspec/rails/example/controller_example_group.rb:179:in `block (2 levels) in <module:ControllerExampleGroup>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:387:in `execute_with'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:616:in `block (2 levels) in run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-rails-3.2.1/lib/rspec/rails/adapters.rb:113:in `block (2 levels) in <module:MinitestLifecycleAdapter>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:333:in `instance_exec'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:387:in `execute_with'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:616:in `block (2 levels) in run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:247:in `call'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:617:in `run_around_example_hooks_for'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/hooks.rb:474:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:343:in `with_around_example_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:385:in `with_around_and_singleton_context_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example.rb:174:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:549:in `block in run_examples'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:545:in `map'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:545:in `run_examples'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:512:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:513:in `block in run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:513:in `map'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/example_group.rb:513:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:110:in `block (3 levels) in run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:110:in `map'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:110:in `block (2 levels) in run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:1526:in `with_suite_hooks'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:109:in `block in run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/reporter.rb:62:in `report'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:108:in `run_specs'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:86:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:70:in `run'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:38:in `invoke'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.2.3/exe/rspec:4:in `<top (required)>'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/bin/rspec:23:in `load'
# /home/rafael/.rbenv/versions/2.2.0/bin/rspec:23:in `<main>'
如有任何帮助，我们将不胜感激。谢谢。
所有遇到同样问题的人。解决方案是在两边都包含 foreign_key：has_many 边和 belongs_to 边。