In-class 从相同类型的静态成员初始化

Question

下面的代码是否有效，例如不会带来未定义的行为？

struct S
{
    int i = s.i;
    static S s;
};

S S::s;

int main()
{
    S a;  // a.i = 0
    S::s.i = 42;
    S b;  // b.i = 42
}

据我所知，所有具有静态存储持续时间的变量都是零初始化的。因此 s.i 在 S::s 创建时是 0，一切都很好。但也许我遗漏了什么。

Answer 1

你错过了一些东西。具有静态存储持续时间的变量被归零，然后它们的构造函数被调用。

我不太清楚的是 S.i 的值 S.i 的初始化是否是未定义的行为（因为此时 S.i 未初始化）（因为它必须为零）。

编辑：Defect Report 2026 中的代码在效果上与此非常相似，并且被声明为格式错误（这意味着编译器肯定会出错）。我怀疑委员会的意图是 OP 的代码是未定义的行为。

编辑 2：以上 DR 指的是 constexpr 值。这可能足以改变无关紧要的事情。

话虽如此：如果您依靠非常仔细地阅读标准来使您的代码合法，那么您就是依靠编译器作者仔细阅读它。你可能是对的，但如果编译器作者误读并实现了其他东西（尽管希望他们最终会修复错误），这在短期内无济于事。

Answer 2

我认为它的定义很明确。

[class.static.data]/6

Static data members are initialized and destroyed exactly like non-local variables.

[basic.start.static]/2 (emphasis mine)

A constant initializer for a variable or temporary object o is an initializer whose full-expression is a constant expression, except that if o is an object, such an initializer may also invoke constexpr constructors for o and its subobjects even if those objects are of non-literal class types. [ Note: Such a class may have a non-trivial destructor. — end note ] Constant initialization is performed if a variable or temporary object with static or thread storage duration is initialized by a constant initializer for the entity. If constant initialization is not performed, a variable with static storage duration or thread storage duration is zero-initialized. Together, zero-initialization and constant initialization are called static initialization; all other initialization is dynamic initialization. All static initialization strongly happens before ([intro.races]) any dynamic initialization. [ Note: The dynamic initialization of non-local variables is described in [basic.start.dynamic]; that of local static variables is described in [stmt.dcl]. — end note ]

[dcl.init]/6 (emphasis mine)

To zero-initialize an object or reference of type T means:

if T is a scalar type, the object is initialized to the value obtained by converting the integer literal 0 (zero) to T;

if T is a (possibly cv-qualified) non-union class type, each non-static data member, each non-virtual base class subobject, and, if the object is not a base class subobject, each virtual base class subobject is zero-initialized and padding is initialized to zero bits;

if T is a (possibly cv-qualified) union type, the object's first non-static named data member is zero-initialized and padding is initialized to zero bits;

if T is an array type, each element is zero-initialized;

if T is a reference type, no initialization is performed.

因为int i = s.i;意味着s.i是动态初始化的，所以保证事先是零初始化。因此，当它稍后用于初始化自身时，它的值将不会不确定。预期为 0。

In-class 从相同类型的静态成员初始化

In-class initialization from static member of the same type

c++

initialization

static-members

language-lawyer

in-class-initialization