任意类型类约束中的非类型变量参数

Question

对于 Haskell 从第一性原理编程 第 15 章的练习，我正在尝试基于另一个 Arbitrary实例：

module AccumulateRight where

import Data.Semigroup
import Test.QuickCheck

data Validation a b = Fail a | Pass b deriving (Eq, Show)

newtype AccumulateRight a b =
    AccumulateRight (Validation a b) deriving (Eq, Show)

type TestType = AccumulateRight String [Int]

instance Semigroup b => Semigroup (AccumulateRight a b) where
    _ <> (AccumulateRight (Fail x)) = Fail x
    (AccumulateRight (Fail x)) <> _ = Fail x
    (AccumulateRight (Success a)) <> (AccumulateRight (Success b)) =
        AccumulateRight . Success $ a <> b

instance (Arbitrary a, Arbitrary b) => Arbitrary (Validation a b) where
    arbitrary = oneof [Fail <$> arbitrary, Pass <$> arbitrary]

instance Arbitrary (Validation a b) => Arbitrary (AccumulateRight a b) where
    arbitrary = AccumulateRight <$> arbitrary

semigroupAssoc :: (Eq m, Semigroup m) => m -> m -> m -> Bool
semigroupAssoc a b c = (a <> (b <> c)) == ((a <> b) <> c)

type Assoc = TestType -> TestType -> TestType -> Bool

main :: IO ()
main = quickCheck (semigroupAssoc :: Assoc)

但出现以下错误：

    • Non type-variable argument
        in the constraint: Arbitrary (Validation a b)
      (Use FlexibleContexts to permit this)
    • In the context: Arbitrary (Validation a b)
      While checking an instance declaration
      In the instance declaration for ‘Arbitrary (AccumulateRight a b)’
   |
22 | instance Arbitrary (Validation a b) => Arbitrary (AccumulateRight a b) where
   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Failed, no modules loaded.

那我是不是做错了什么？为什么我不能在这里使用现有数据的类型类作为约束？

Answer 1

这是一个愚蠢的限制，在人们理解类型类的实现有多么困难之前就已经到位了。事实证明它很容易支持，所以有一个语言扩展——在错误中提到——可以让你这么说。您可以通过添加

来开启它

{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}

到文件的顶部，随着扩展名的增加，这个被认为是完全良性的。但是，在这种情况下，您不应该打开它，而应该只写

instance (Arbitrary a, Arbitrary b) => Arbitrary (AccumulateRight a b)

——毕竟，(Arbitrary a, Arbitrary b)正是Arbitrary (Validation a b)成立的条件。

任意类型类约束中的非类型变量参数

Non type-variable argument in the constraint for Arbitrary typeclass

polymorphism

haskell

typeclass

parametric-polymorphism